Relationship between social and cognitive functions in people with schizophrenia

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of participants

n (men/women)	55 (28/27)
Age (years)	39.36±10.65
Duration of illness (years)	15.32±9.15
Number of hospitalizations	1.55±1.49
Dose of antipsychotics (mg/day)*	519.22±395.25
Type of schizophrenia (n)
Paranoid	40
Residual	9
Disorganized	5
Catatonic	0
Undifferentiated	1
Marital state (n)
Married	8
Never married	44
Divorced	2
Widowed	1
Social state (n)
Full time	11
Part time	27
No employment	17
PANSS
Total	76.40±14.61
Positive syndrome	17.12±4.55
Negative syndrome	20.55±5.38
CDSS (total)	3.42±2.97
DIEPSS (total)	1.07±1.05
MCCB (T-score)
Speed of processing	18.00±24.60
BACS-SC	25.76±20.86
Fluency	41.82±11.48
TMT-A	31.44±16.21
Attention/vigilance (CPT-IP)	36.60±10.29
Working memory	36.31±13.95
WMS-III SS	37.89±13.15
LNS	40.02±12.35
Verbal learning (HVLT-R)	39.53±13.00
Visual learning (BVMT-R)	42.49±10.31
Reasoning and problem solving (NAB Maze)	38.29±9.88
Social cognition (MSCEIT ME)	26.29±7.67
Composite score	19.05±18.31
QLS
Total	60.63±20.86
Interpersonal relations	20.27±8.61
Instrumental role	11.34±5.84
Intrapsychic foundations	21.84±7.28
Common objects and activities	7.18±2.39

Notes: Data are expressed as mean ± SD unless otherwise specified.

* Chlorpromazine equivalent.

Abbreviations: PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; MCCB, Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery; BACS-SC, Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia-Symbol Coding; Fluency, Category Fluency Animal Naming; TMT-A, Trail Making Test Part A; CPT-IP, Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs; WMS-III SS, Wechsler Memory Scale III Spatial Span; LNS, Letter Number Span; HVLT-R, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; BVMT-R, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised; NAB, Neuropsychological Assessment Battery; MSCEIT ME, Mayer–Salovey–Caruso-Emotional Intelligence Test Managing Emotions; QLS, Quality of Life Scale; CDSS, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; DIEPSS, Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale.

Table 2 Correlation between QLS scores and MCCB cognitive domain scores

	QLS
	Total	Interpersonal relations	Instrumental role	Intrapsychic foundations	Common objects and activities
Speed of processing	0.30	0.29	0.14	0.30	0.35
Attention/vigilance	0.17	0.14	0.06	0.21	0.24
Working memory	0.18	0.13	0.12	0.17	0.25
Verbal learning	0.08	0.02	−0.02	0.15	0.18
Visual learning	0.11	0.07	0.07	0.11	0.25
Reasoning and problem solving	−0.04	0.05	−0.18	−0.03	0.03
Social cognition	0.28	0.30	0.11	0.31	0.16
Composite score	0.24	0.21	0.08	0.26	0.32

Note: Pearson correlations (false discovery rate correction).

Abbreviations: MCCB, Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery; QLS, Quality of Life Scale.

Table 3 Correlation between QLS and MCCB subtests scores

	QLS
	Total	Interpersonal relations	Instrumental role	Intrapsychic foundations	Common objects and activities
TMT-A	0.39*	0.37*	0.22	0.39*	0.37*
BACS-SC	0.37*	0.34	0.22	0.35	0.42*
HVLT-R	0.08	0.02	−0.02	0.15	0.18
WMS-III SS	0.10	0.10	0.02	0.11	0.16
LNS	0.21	0.14	0.19	0.20	0.28
NAB Maze	−0.04	0.05	−0.18	−0.03	0.03
BVMT-R	0.11	0.07	0.07	0.11	0.25
Fluency	−0.19	−0.14	−0.22	−0.18	−0.08
MSCEIT ME	0.28	0.30	0.11	0.31	0.16
CPT-IP	0.17	0.14	0.05	0.21	0.24

Notes: Pearson correlations (false discovery rate correction).

* p<0.05.

Abbreviations: MCCB, Measurement and Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia Consensus Cognitive Battery; QLS, Quality of Life Scale; TMT-A, Trail Making Test Part A; BACS-SC, Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia-Symbol Coding; HVLT-R, Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; WMS-III SS, Wechsler Memory Scale III Spatial Span; LNS, Letter Number Span; NAB, Neuropsychological Assessment Battery; BVMT-R, Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised; Fluency, Category Fluency Animal Naming; MSCEIT ME, Mayer–Salovey–Caruso-Emotional Intelligence Test Managing Emotions; CPT-IP, Continuous Performance Test-Identical Pairs.

Table 4 Correlation between QLS scores and other clinical variables

	QLS
	Total	Interpersonal relations	Instrumental role	Intrapsychic foundations	Common objects and activities
Duration of illness	−0.12	−0.15	−0.01	−0.14	−0.04
Number of hospitalizations	0.10	0.10	0.13	0.05	0.03
Dose of antipsychotics	−0.18	−0.14	−0.07	−0.22	−0.28
PANSS
Positive syndrome	−0.45**	−0.38*	−0.26	−0.48**	−0.41**
Negative syndrome	−0.57**	−0.49**	−0.34*	−0.63**	−0.50**
CDSS	−0.28	−0.19	−0.41**	−0.20	−0.13
DIEPSS	−0.34*	−0.35*	−0.23	−0.27	−0.36*

Notes: Pearson correlations (false discovery rate correction).

* p<0.05;

** p<0.01.

Abbreviations: QLS, Quality of Life Scale; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; CDSS, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; DIEPSS, Drug-Induced Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale.

Table 5 Results of stepwise regression analyses on QLS

Dependent variable	Independent variable	Adjusted R^2	B
Total	PANSS negative syndrome	0.32***	−0.57***
Interpersonal relations	PANSS negative syndrome	0.22***	−0.49***
Instrumental role	CDSS	0.22***	−0.36**
	PANSS negative syndrome		−0.28*
Intrapsychic foundations	PANSS negative syndrome	0.42***	−0.52***
	PANSS positive syndrome		−0.24*
Common objects and activities	PANSS negative syndrome	0.30***	−0.41**
	BACS-SC		0.29*

Notes:

* p<0.05;

** p<0.01,

*** p<0.001.

Abbreviations: QLS, Quality of Life Scale; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; CDSS, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia; BACS-SC, Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia-Symbol Coding.