ESSENCE-Q: Slavic language versions for developmental screening in young children

Figures & data

Table 1 Diagnoses of 200 children in the ESSE NCE group

ESSENCE diagnosis	N (%)
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder	12 (6.0)
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and tics	1 (0.5)
Autism spectrum disorder	37 (18.5)
Autism spectrum disorder and intellectual developmental disorder	30 (15.0)
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and intellectual developmental disorder	2 (1.0)
Behavioral syndrome	10 (5.0)
Borderline intellectual functioning	4 (2.0)
Epilepsy	11 (5.5)
Epilepsy and speech and/or language disorder	3 (1.5)
Global developmental delay	21 (10.5)
Intellectual developmental disorder	31 (15.5)
Intellectual developmental disorder and motor abnormality	9 (4.5)
Intellectual developmental disorder and epilepsy	3 (1.5)
Motor disorder	10 (5.0)
Oppositional defiant disorder	4 (2.0)
Speech and/or language disorder	9 (4.5)
Speech and/or language disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder	3 (1.5)

Abbreviation: ESSENCE, Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations.

Table 2 Age and gender distributions of the ESSENCE and non-ESSENCE groups

Age and gender distribution	Parent-completed form, n=147		Telephone interview form, n=188		Direct interview form, n=116
	ESSENCE n=48	Non-ESSENCE n=99	ESSENCE n=88	Non-ESSENCE n=100	ESSENCE n=52	Non-ESSENCE n=64
Mean age in years (SD)	3.73 (1.18)*	2.67 (1.04)	4.04 (1.25)*	3.24 (1.34)	3.36 (1.18)	3.63 (1.33)
Male gender, n (%)	36 (75)**	52 (52.5)	60 (68.2)**	51 (51)	46 (71.9)**	25 (48.1)

Notes:

* P<0.05 for t-test pairwise comparisons in age between the ESSENCE and non-ESSENCE group;

** P<0.02 for chi-squared test in comparisons for gender between the ESSENCE and non-ESSENCE groups.

Abbreviation: ESSENCE, Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations.

Table 3 Goodness of fit indexes for the ESSENCE-Q forms

ESSENCE-Q form	Chi-squared/df	CFI	TLI	RMSEA
Parent-completed*	1.95	0.95	0.93	0.08
Telephone interview**	2.19	0.92	0.90	0.08
Direct interview***	3.01	0.82	0.76	0.13

Notes: Root mean square error of approximation.

* Error correlations between items “general development” and “motor development/milestones”, items “activity (overactivity/passivity) or impulsivity” and “attention/concentration/listening”, and items “sensory reactions” and “mood”;

** Error correlations between items “social interaction/interest in other children” and “behavior”;

*** Error correlations between items “general development” and “motor development/milestones” and items “activity (overactivity/passivity) or impulsivity” and “attention/concentration/listening”.

Abbreviations: CFI, comparative fit index; ESSENCE-Q, Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations – Questionnaire; RMSEA, root mean square error of approximation; TLI, Tucker–Lewis index.

Table 4 Cutoff, sensitivity, specificity, and Youden index values for the ESSENCE-Q parent-completed, telephone interview, and direct interview forms

Cutoff value	Parent-completed form			Telephone interview form			Direct interview form
	Sensitivity (95% CI)	Specificity (95% CI)	Youden index (95% CI)	Sensitivity (95% CI)	Specificity (95% CI)	Youden index (95% CI)	Sensitivity (95% CI)	Specificity (95% CI)	Youden index (95% CI)
≥2	0.98 (0.89–0.99)	0.78 (0.68–0.86)	0.76 (0.57–0.85)	0.93 (0.86–0.98)	0.67 (0.57–0.76)	0.60 (0.43–0.74)	0.94 (0.85–0.98)	0.46 (0.32–0.61)	0.40 (0.17–0.59)
≥3	0.96 (0.86–0.99)	0.84 (0.75–0.91)	0.80 (0.61–0.90)	0.87 (0.80–0.94)	0.73 (63.2–81.4)	0.62 (0.43–0.75)	0.92 (0.83–0.98)	0.65 (0.51–0.78)	0.57 (0.27–0.76)
≥4	0.88 (0.75–0.95)	0.92 (0.85–0.96)	0.80 (0.59–0.90)	0.84 (0.75–0.91)	0.82 (0.73–0.89)	0.66 (0.48–0.80)	0.89 (0.79–0.95)	0.81 (0.67–0.90)	0.70 (0.46–0.85)
≥5	0.83 (0.69–0.93)	0.94 (0.87–0.98)	0.77 (0.57–0.90)	0.82 (0.72–0.89)	0.89 (0.81–0.94)	0.71 (0.53–0.84)	0.86 (0.75–0.93)	0.88 (0.77–0.96)	0.74 (0.52–0.85)
≥6	0.77 (0.63–0.89)	0.95 (0.87–0.98)	0.72 (0.50–0.87)	0.78 (0.68–0.87)	0.90 (0.82–0.95)	0.68 (0.50–0.82)	0.78 (0.66–0.88)	0.90 (0.79–0.97)	0.68 (0.45–0.85)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ESSENCE-Q, Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations – Questionnaire.

Table 5 Sensitivity, specificity, and Youden index values for the ESSENCE-Q parent-completed, telephone interview, and direct interview forms considering gender and age groups

Group	Parent-completed form			Telephone interview form			Direct interview form
	Sensitivity (95% CI)	Specificity (95% CI)	Youden index (95% CI)	Sensitivity (95% CI)	Specificity (95% CI)	Youden index (95% CI)	Sensitivity (95% CI)	Specificity (95% CI)	Youden index (95% CI)
Boys	0.97 (0.86–0.99)	0.81 (0.68–0.90)	0.78 (0.54–0.89)	0.82 (0.69–0.91)	0.90 (0.79–0.97)	0.72 (0.48–0.88)	0.85 (0.71–0.94)	0.88 (0.68–0.95)	0.73 (0.53–0.85)
Girls	0.92 (0.62–0.99)	0.87 (0.74–0.95)	0.79 (0.36–0.94)	0.82 (0.63–0.94)	0.88 (0.75–0.95)	0.70 (0.38–0.89)	0.89 (0.66–0.99)	0.89 (0.74–0.98)	0.78 (0.52–0.89)
Age 1–3 years	0.94 (0.71–0.99)	0.92 (0.83–0.97)	0.86 (0.54–0.96)	0.87 (0.66–0.97)	0.96 (0.87–0.99)	0.83 (0.53–0.96)	0.86 (0.65–0.97)	100 (0.81–100)	0.86 (0.64–0.96)
Age 3–6 years	0.97 (0.83–0.99)	0.60 (0.39–0.79)	0.57 (0.22–0.78)	0.80 (0.68–0.89)	0.82 (0.68–0.91)	0.62 (0.36–0.80)	0.90 (0.77–0.97)	0.83 (0.66–0.93)	0.73 (0.57–0.86)

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; ESSENCE-Q, Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations – Questionnaire.