The comparison of violence, and the relationship with childhood trauma in Turkish men with alcohol, opiate, and synthetic cannabinoid use disorder

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of demographic characteristics in alcohol, opioid, and SC groups

	Alcohol (n = 35)	Opioid (n = 40)	SC (n = 35)	F/χ^2	P-value
Age, year ± SD	46.5 ± 9	26.5 ± 6.7	28.2 ± 7.1	70.08	0.000a
Married, n (%)	23 (65.7)	33 (82.5)	27 (77.1)	2.919	0.232
Leading a solitary life, n (%)	13 (37.1)	2 (5.0)	3 (8.0)	16.369	0.001b
Unemployment, n (%)	12 (34.3)	16 (40.0)	10 (28.6)	1.08	0.583
Having a regular income, n (%)	24 (68.6)	20 (50.0)	9 (25.7)	12.957	0.002a
Level of education, n (%)				17.291
Elementary school	8 (22.8)	5 (12.5)	8 (22.8)		0.008a
Secondary school	8 (22.8)	23 (57.5)	18 (51.4)
High school	15 (42.8)	12 (30)	9 (25.7)
University	4 (11.4)	0 (0)	0 (0)

Notes:

a Significant for P < 0.05.

b Fisher’s exact test. Bold values indicate statistical significance between groups.

Abbreviation: SC, synthetic cannabinoid.

Table 2 Comparison of violence and crime in alcohol, opioid, and SC groups

	Alcohol (n = 35)	Opioid (n = 40)	SC (n = 35)	χ^2	P-value
Resorting to verbal violence, n (%)	21 (60.0)	28 (70.0)	31 (88.5)	7.438	0.02a
Resorting to physical violence, n (%)	14 (40.0)	24 (60.0)	29 (82.0)	13.522	0.001a
Resorting to sexual violence, n (%)	1 (2.8)	1 (2.5)	2 (5.7)	0.639	0.72b
Criminal history, n (%)	24 (68.5)	34 (85.0)	33 (94.0)	8.325	0.01a
Incarceration, n (%)	13 (37.1)	12 (30.0)	15 (42.8)	1.347	0.51
Mild–moderate violent crimes, n (%)	6 (33.3)	8 (38.1)	6 (28.6)	4.417	0.305
Severe–very severe violent crimes, n (%)	8 (44.4)	4 (19.0)	10 (47.6)	4.417	0.315b
Nonviolent crimes, n (%)	4 (22.2)	9 (42.9)	5 (23.8)	4.417	0.315b
Being under supervised release, n (%)	4 (11.4)	27 (67.5)	31 (88.5)	42.144	0.000b

Notes:

a Significant for P < 0.05.

b Fisher’s exact test. Bold values indicate statistical significance between groups.

Abbreviation: SC, synthetic cannabinoid.

Table 3 Comparison of groups’ average scores for CTQ-28 and subscales

	Alcohol (n = 35)	Opioid (n = 40)	SC (n = 35)	F	P-value
Physical abuse, avg ± SD	7.2 ± 3.5	6.8 ± 2.9	10.05 ± 4.5	8.228	0.000a
Physical neglect, avg ± SD	10.3 ± 3.1	8.9 ± 3.09	9.7 ± 3.6	1.675	0.19
Emotional abuse, avg ± SD	9.3 ± 3.5	8.2 ± 3.9	10.5 ± 4.1	3.246	0.043a
Emotional neglect, avg ± SD	12.9 ± 4.6	12.02 ± 4.6	14.8 ± 4.6	3.333	0.039a
Sexual abuse, avg ± SD	5.7 ± 2.2	5.7 ± 2.2	6.2 ± 2.3	0.679	0.509
Total CTQ, avg ± SD	45.6 ± 13.7	41.7 ± 13.9	51.4 ± 14.8	4.224	0.017a

Note:

a Significant for P < 0.05. Bold values indicates statistical significance between groups.

Abbreviations: avg, average; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.

Table 4 Comparison of patients with/without violent behavior and with/without a criminal history regarding API, CTQ, and BIS in the alcohol, opioid, and SC groups

		Violent behavior (+)	Violent behavior (−)	P-value	Crime (+)	Crime (−)	P-value
Alcohol group		(n = 21)	(n = 14)		(n = 14)	(n = 21)
	API, avg ± SD	2.3 ± 0.4	2.2 ± 2.02	0.960	2.3 ± 0.3	2.2 ± 0.3	0.880
	CTQ-28, avg ± SD	44.1 ± 11.01	47.8 ± 17.2	0.774	46.07 ± 11.05	45.3 ± 15.4	0.533
	BIS-11, avg ± SD	69.7 ± 15.2	63.7 ± 12.1	0.288	71.9 ± 16.2	64.2 ± 12.2	0.219
Opioid group		(n = 26)	(n = 14)		(n = 14)	(n = 26)
	API, avg ± SD	2.4 ± 0.2	2.3 ± 0.2	0.109	2.4 ± 0.2	2.3 ± 0.2	0.049a
	CTQ-28, avg ± SD	46 ± 15.2	33.9 ± 6.14	0.005a	48.3 ± 17.9	38.2 ± 10	0.052c
	BIS-11, avg ± SD	73.7 ± 13.7	62.3 ± 12.7	0.029a	79.6 ± 12.7	64.4 ± 12.3	0.002a
SC group		(n = 31)	(n = 4)		(n = 17)	(n = 18)
	API, avg ± SD	2.4 ± 0.2	2.5 ± 0.2	0.265	2.4 ± 0.2	2.4 ± 0.2	0.531
	CTQ-28, avg ± SD	51.9 ± 15.7	47.2 ± 13.5	0.64	59.1 ± 15.3	44.1 ± 11.7	0.007a
	BIS-11, avg ± SD	74.5 ± 12.6	76.2 ± 8.6	0.717	74.7 ± 12.7	74.7 ± 12.04	0.987

Notes:

a Significant for P < 0.05;

c indicates data was at liminal value.

Abbreviations: avg, average; CTQ, Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; BIS, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale; API, Addiction Profile Index; SC, synthetic cannabinoid.