Effects of long-acting injectable antipsychotics versus oral antipsychotics on autonomic nervous system activity in schizophrenic patients

Figures & data

Table 1 Participants’ demographic and medication data

	Oral drug (n=241)	LAI (n=29)	P-value
Age (years)	51.68±15.65	46.90±11.94	0.056
Sex (male/female)	99/142	8/21	0.160
Inpatient/outpatient	57/184	5/24	0.438
Duration of illness (years)	20.13±14.71	14.71±11.40	0.143
Smoking (smoker/non-smoker)	20/221	1/28	0.357
BMI (kg/m^2)	24.15±4.46	24.16±5.25	0.989
CPZeqb (mg/day)	459.23±232.88	564.0345±197.63	0.021a
BPDeqc (mg/day)	0.82±1.54	1.21±2.11	0.227
DZPeqd (mg/day)	5.92±8.76	8.15±11.62	0.214
PANSS total score	71.69±15.25	72.69±16.89	0.743

Notes: Data are presented as mean±SD. Age, duration of illness, BMI, CPZeq, BPDeq, DZPeq, and PANSS total score were compared between the groups using t-tests. The proportions of men/women, inpatients/outpatients, and smokers/nonsmokers were compared between the groups using a chi-squared test.

a Significant difference (P<0.05; t-test).

b Daily dose of antipsychotic drugs was converted to an approximate chlorpromazine equivalent.

c Daily dose of anticholinergic antiparkinsonian drugs was converted to an approximate biperiden equivalent.

d Daily dose of benzodiazepine was converted to an approximate diazepam equivalent.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BPDeq, biperiden equivalent; CPZeq, chlorpromazine equivalent; DZPeq, diazepam equivalent; LAI, long-acting injection; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.

Table 2 Log-transformed power values of the LF, HF, and TP frequency bands compared between the oral drug group and the LAI group

	Oral drug (n=241)	LAI (n=29)	P-value
lnLF (ms^Citation2)	4.30±1.26	4.79±1.07	0.048a
lnHF (ms^Citation2)	3.83±1.46	4.01±1.10	0.532
lnTP (ms^Citation2)	4.92±1.25	5.25±1.00	0.171

Notes: Data are presented as mean±SD.

a Significant difference (P<0.05).

Abbreviations: HF, high frequency; LAI, long-acting injection; LF, low frequency; ln, natural log-transformed; TP, total power.

Table 3 Results of multiple regression analysis with ANS activity, BMI, PANSS total score, and type of antipsychotic drug as independent variables

Independent variables	ANS activity
	lnLF		lnHF		lnTP
	B	P-value	B	P-value	B	P-value
BMI (kg/m^2)	−0.075	0.218	−0.062	0.314	−0.081	0.185
PANSS, total score	−0.018	0.771	−0.094	0.126	−0.044	0.470
Drug formulation (oral/LAI)	0.121	0.047a	0.040	0.511	0.085	0.166

Note:

a Significant difference (P<0.05; multiple regression analysis).

Abbreviations: ANS, autonomic nervous system; BMI, body mass index; HF, high frequency; LAI, long-acting injection; LF, low frequency; ln, natural log-transformed; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; TP, total power.

OlfsonMGerhardTHuangCCrystalSStroupTSPremature mortality among adults with schizophrenia in the United StatesJAMA Psychiatry201572121172118126509694

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