Spatial disorientation and executive dysfunction in elderly nondemented patients with Parkinson’s disease

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the two samples

	PD patients (n=40), M±SD, ratio, median	Controls (n=30), M±SD	P-value
Age (years)	71.2±7.8	70.7±7.8	0.625
Education (years)	7.4±3.8	8±3.3	0.467
Sex (M:F)	29:11	15:15	0.080
PD duration (years)	3.3±2.8	–	–
MODA temporal orientation	9.9±0.1	9.9±0.2	0.699
MODA spatial orientation	2.9±0.3	3±0.01	0.545
MODA personal orientation	9.9±0.2	10	0.284
MODA family orientation	11.5±0.8	11.9±0.1	0.064
MODA autonomy scale	14.5±0.9	15	0.003
MODA neuropsychological tests	42.4±3.6	43.6±2.9	0.372
MODA total score	91.2±4.6	93.3±3.1	0.299
ADL	0.9±0.1	1	0.549
IADL	0.9±0.1	1	0.286
H&Y scale	-2	–	–
UPDRS-III	17.8±10.1	–	–
GDS	9.7±7.1

Note: Significant P-value is shown in bold.

Abbreviations: –, not applicable; ADL, activities of daily living; GDS, geriatric depression scale; H&Y, Hoehn and Yahr scale; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; MODA, Milan overall dementia assessment; PD, Parkinson’s disease; UPDRS-III, unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale, part III.

Table 2 Groups comparison on RBMT and RBMT subtests SPS

RBMT	PD patients (median)	Controls (median)	P-values*
RBMT	14.5	20	0.000
Novel task – immediate recall	1	2	0.034
Picture recognition	2	2	0.033
Route – immediate recall	2	2	0.001
Face recognition	1.5	2	0.024
Orientation	2	2	0.021
Appointment	1	2	0.025
Novel task – delayed recall	1	2	0.000
Route – delayed recall	1.5	2	0.000
Message – delayed recall	2	2	0.034
First and second name – delayed recall	0	0	0.081
Hidden personal belonging	1	2	0.371

Notes:

* Bonferroni corrected. Significant P-values are shown in bold.

Abbreviations: PD, Parkinson’s disease; RBMT, Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test; SPS, Standardized Profile Score.

Figure 1 Percentage of abnormal scores on RBMT and FAB subtests.

Abbreviations: FAB, Frontal Assessment Battery; PD, Parkinson’s disease; RBMT, Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test.

Table 3 Groups comparison on FAB

	PD patients (median)	Controls (median)	P-values*
FAB total score	13.9	16.8	0.000
Similarities	2	2.5	0.059
Lexical fluency	2	3	0.006
Prehension behavior	3	3	0.732
Luria’s motor series	2	3	0.001
Conflicting instruction	3	3	0.025
Go-no-go	2	3	0.000

Notes:

* Bonferroni corrected. Significant P-values are shown in bold.

Abbreviations: FAB, Frontal Assessment Battery; PD, Parkinson’s disease.

Table 4 Correlations between RMBT total and subtests SPS and FAB total score and subtests scores in PD group

	FAB	Similarities	Lexical fluency	Prehension behavior	Luria’s motor series	Conflicting instruction	Go-no-go
RMBT	0.384*	0.141	0.288	−0.106	0.551**	0.131	0.377*
Novel task – immediate recall	0.341*	0.103	0.349*	−0.233	0.322*	0.073	0.233
Picture recognition	0.350*	−0.001	0.111	−0.025	0.334*	0.190	0.393*
Route – immediate recall	0.120	0.091	0.252	0.053	0.107	−0.023	−0.076
Face recognition	−0.013	−0.037	0.119	−0.240	0.187	0.042	−0.168
Orientation	0.078	0.087	0.148	−0.176	−0.065	0.182	0.333*
Appointment	0.345*	−0.017	0.467**	0.252	0.199	−0.026	0.372*
Novel task – delayed recall	0.301	0.231	0.313	−0.012	0.254	0.070	0.386*
Route – delayed recall	0.230	0.073	0.169	−0.213	0.119	0.027	0.046
Message – delayed recall	0.098	0.253	0.039	0.092	0.391*	0.186	−0.004
First and second name – delayed recall	0.036	0.097	0.187	0.111	0.051	−0.261	0.095
Hidden personal belonging	0.377*	0.265	−0.212	−0.232	0.392*	0.099	0.377*

Notes:

* P<0.05;

** P<0.01.

Abbreviations: FAB, Frontal Assessment Battery; PD, Parkinson’s disease; RBMT, Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test; SPS, Standardized Profile Score.