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Original Research

Structural and functional brain abnormalities in drug-naive, first-episode, and chronic patients with schizophrenia: a multimodal MRI study

, , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 2889-2904 | Published online: 30 Oct 2018

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow diagram of the classification approach employed in this study.

Notes: The classification schematic flow using the combined sMRI and rs-fMRI features. In detail, 1,024 features from GMV, 1,024 features from ReHo, 1,024 features from ALFF, and 1,024 features from DC concatenated into a 4,096-dimensional vector. SVM-RFE and 10-fold cross validation were applied for feature selection and classifier training.
Abbreviations: AAL, automated anatomical labeling; ALFF, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation; DC, degree centrality; GMV, gray matter volume; rs-fMRI, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging; RFE, recursive feature elimination; ReHo, regional homogeneity; sMRI, structural magnetic resonance imaging; SVM, support vector machine.
Figure 1 Flow diagram of the classification approach employed in this study.

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics

Figure 2 Between-group differences in the regional GMV (A), ReHo (B), ALFF (C), and DC (D).

Notes: (I) The warm color means that FESZ patients’ structural brain changes and functional activities were significantly higher than NCs, and the cool color means the opposite. (II) The warm color means that the CSZ patients’ structural brain changes and functional activities were significantly higher than NCs, and the cool color means the opposite. (III) The warm color means that the FESZ patients’ structural brain changes and functional activities were significantly higher than CSZ patients’ structural brain changes and functional activities, and the cool color means the opposite. The 3D maps were made using BrainNet Viewer (http://www.nitrc.org/projects/bnv/), and the 3D perspective drawing was made using ParaView (https://www.paraview.org/).
Abbreviations: ALFF, amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation; CSZ, chronic schizophrenia; DC, degree centrality; FESZ, first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia; GMV, gray matter volume; NC, normal control; ReHo, regional homogeneity.
Figure 2 Between-group differences in the regional GMV (A), ReHo (B), ALFF (C), and DC (D).

Table 2 Classification performances

Figure 3 Classification results.

Notes: The classification between the FESZ and NC groups (blue line), the classification between the CSZ and NC groups (red line), and the classification between the FESZ and CSZ groups (black line). The areas under the ROC curve of the three classifiers were 0.88, 0.92, and 0.87, respectively.
Abbreviations: CSZ, chronic schizophrenia; FESZ, first-episode drug-naive schizophrenia; NC, normal control; ROC, receiver operating characteristic.
Figure 3 Classification results.

Table S1 Significant differences in GMV among three groups

Table S2 Significant differences in ReHo among three groups

Table S3 Significant differences in ALFF among three groups

Table S4 Significant differences in DC among three groups