Discrepancies between self- and observer-rated depression severities in patients with major depressive disorder associated with frequent emotion-oriented coping responses and hopelessness

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics

	Patients with MDD			Statistics
	WD (n=46)	WoD (n=50)	HCs (n=58)
	n (%)	n (%)	n (%)	χ^2
Sex (female, %)	27 (58.7)	20 (40.0)	33 (56.9)	4.3
Comorbid axis I disorder	13 (28.3)	10 (20.0)		0.9
History of suicide attempts	16 (34.8)	6 (12.0)		7.0*
Family history of psychotic disorders	19 (41.3)	21 (42.0)		0.005
Family history of suicide	8 (17.4)	6 (12.0)		0.6
Antidepressant use	28 (60.9)	28 (56.0)		0.2
Mood stabilizer use	11 (2.4)	11 (22.0)		0.05
Antipsychotic drug use	14 (30.4)	14 (28.0)		0.07
	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	U/χ^2	Post hoc analysis
Age	38.8 (11.5)	42.6 (13.8)	38.2 (12.0)	2.8
Education (years)	14.2 (1.7)	14.3 (2.5)	14.2 (1.8)	0.8
Duration of illness (years)	7.8 (5.8)	9.6 (8.9)		1,097.0
HDRS	10.9 (1.7)	10.2 (1.7)	0.7 (1.0)	111.7**	WD = WoD > HCs
BDI	36.6 (5.6)	20.5 (5.3)	5.1 (4.4)	130.8**	WD > WoD > HCs
BHS	14.0 (3.4)	9.8 (4.5)	5.2 (2.0)	77.2**	WD > WoD > HCs

Notes:

* P<0.05;

** P<0.01.

Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BHS, Beck Hopelessness Scale; HC, healthy control; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; MDD, major depressive disorder; WD, with a rating discrepancy; WoD, without a rating discrepancy.

Figure 1 Results of the post hoc tests comparing the scores for the three coping styles between the three groups.

Note: ^*P<0.05, ^**P<0.01.
Abbreviations: HC, healthy control; MDD, major depressive disorder; WD, with a rating discrepancy; WoD, without a rating discrepancy.

Table 2 Prediction model for discrepancies between self- and observer-rated depression severities in patients with MDDa

Factor	P-value	Odds ratio	95% CI
Hopelessness	<0.001	1.31	1.14–1.50
Emotion-oriented coping	0.001	1.11	1.04–1.18
History of suicide attempts	0.031	4.53	1.15–17.9

Note:

a Analyzed by stepwise logistic regression.

Abbreviation: MDD, major depressive disorder.