Upregulation of vitamin D-related genes in schizophrenic patients

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic features of schizophrenia patients and healthy controls

Variables	Schizophrenia patients	Control
Female/male, n (%)	15 (30)/35 (70)	18 (36)/32 (64)
Age (years), mean ± SD	50.7± 4.2	49.2±3.6
Age range (years)	30–69	29–63
Male <30	7	8
Female <30	0	4
30< male <40	13	8
30< female <40	4	7
Male >40	15	16
Female >40	11	7
Age at onset (years), mean±SD	35±1.2	–
Years of illness, mean ±SD	8±0.04	–
Education
Preschool (%)	30	12
School (%)	48	28
University (%)	22	60

Table 2 Expression levels of genes in schizophrenia patients compared with healthy controls

	Control number	Patient number	VDR				CYP27B1				CYP24A1
			Expression ratio	SE	P-value	95% CI	Expression ratio	SE	P-value	95% CI	Expression ratio	SE	P-value	95% CI
Total	50	50	3.2279	0.774	0.004	0.77, 0.86	5.8362	0.94	0.002	1.22, 4.98	1.9307	0.421	<0.0001	−2.721, −1.061
Male	32	35	1.8859	1.031	0.234	−0.79, 3.35	6.1354	1.17	0.012	0.7, 5.41	2.111	0.564	0.003	−2.819, −0.577
Female	18	15	10.6948	0.727	<0.0001	3.17, 6.15	4.955	1.67	0.09	−0.21, 6.55	1.8357	0.897	0.042	−4.42, −0.93
Male <30 years	8	7	0.4959	2.6	0.608	−6.6, −3.7	0.6075	1.87	0.6	−5.12, −2.52	0.9016	2.404	>0.999	−3.773, 5.841
Female <30 years	4	0	1.7502	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA
Male 30–40 years	8	13	1.3523	1.47	0.781	−2.55, 3.3	3.1416	1.94	0.271	−1.181, 6.02	1.3076	1.267	0.171	−3.731, 1.396
Female 30–40 years	7	4	18.8422	0.73	0.001	4.25, 7.09	25.3907	2.66	0.09	−0.66, 11.19	1.2352	−3.325	0.073	1.87, 7.29
Male >40 years	16	15	4.7965	1.54	0.047	0.03, 6.36	4.7965	1.79	0.01	1.32, 8.7	0.9132	−1.608	0.002	−0.679, 3.064
Female >40 years	7	11	7.7907	1.38	0.03	1.15, 6.83	2.8732	2.17	0.37	−1.91, 6.58	1.0365	−1.863	0.044	−0.421, 2.721

Abbreviation: NA, no analysis.

Figure 1 (A) Correlation between VDR and CYP27 expressions. (B) Correlation between VDR and CYP24A1 expressions. (C) Correlation between CYP27 and CYP24A1 expressions.

Figure 2 (A) Correlation between VDR expression and age. (B) Correlation between CYP27 expression and age. (C) Correlation between CYP24A1 expression and age.

Figure 3 The role of vitamin D in four pathways involved in the etiology of schizophrenia.

Table S1 The sequences of probes and primers

Property	VDR	HPRT1
F-primer	TGGCTTTCACTTCAATGCTATGA	AGCCTAAGATGAGAGTTC
R-primer	CGTCGGTTGTCCTTGGTGAT	CACAGAACTAGAACATTGATA
Probe	FAM-ACTTCCGGCCTCCAGTTCGTATGGAC-TAMRA	FAM -CATCTGGAGTCCTATTGACATCGC- TAMRA
Property	CYP27B1	CYP24A1
F-primer	CCCAGATCCTAACACATTTTGAGG	TATCGCGACTACCGCAAAGA
R-primer	AAAGGGTGATGATGACAGTCTCTTTC	CGGCCAAGACCTCATTGATT
Probe	FAM-ACCCAAGACCCGGACTGTCCTGGT –TAMRA	FAM-TCCGGACCCGCTGCCAGTCTT –TAMRA

Abbreviations: F, forward; R, reverse.