The interactive effects of stress and coping style on cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia

Figures & data

Table 1 Multivariate regression analysis of the cognitive function with stress in patients with schizophrenia

Variables	B	P-value	Model P-value
Composite score			≤0.001
Age	0.012	0.909
Sex	15.138	0.004
Education, years	6.287	0.000
Course of disease, years	−1.308	0.000
Smoking/no smoking	4.061	0.487
PANSS positive symptoms	0.780	0.096
PANSS negative symptoms	−0.479	0.214
PANSS general symptoms	−0.209	0.523
Stress	−0.008	0.424
Verbal memory
Age	−0.002	0.791
Sex	0.583	0.192
Education, years	0.302	0.000
Course of disease, years	−0.106	0.000	≤0.001
Smoking/no smoking	0.237	0.636
PANSS positive symptoms	0.007	0.861
PANSS negative symptoms	0.012	0.710
PANSS general symptoms	−0.006	0.842
Stress	0.000	0.733
Working memory
Age	0.007	0.624
Sex	−0.377	0.601
Education, years	0.745	0.000
Course of disease, years	−0.083	0.041	≤0.001
Smoking/no smoking	0.347	0.667
PANSS positive symptoms	0.103	0.111
PANSS negative symptoms	−0.116	0.030
PANSS general symptoms	−0.013	0.773
Stress	−0.003	0.040
Motor speed
Age	−0.002	0.955
Sex	6.672	0.001
Education, years	0.651	0.035
Course of disease, years	−0.404	0.001
Smoking/no smoking	−0.212	0.927	≤0.001
PANSS positive symptoms	0.103	0.577
PANSS negative symptoms	−0.032	0.834
PANSS general symptoms	−0.061	0.635
Stress	−0.007	0.071
Attention
Age	−0.021	0.478
Sex	2.776	0.058
Education, years	1.922	0.000
Course of disease, years	−0.386	0.000	≤0.001
Smoking/no smoking	1.854	0.257
PANSS positive symptoms	0.188	0.151
PANSS negative symptoms	−0.081	0.454
PANSS general symptoms	−0.007	0.942
Stress	−0.002	0.402
Executive function
Age	−0.004	0.732
Sex	−1.250	0.034
Education, years	0.502	0.000
Course of disease, years	−0.058	0.082	≤0.001
Smoking/no smoking	−0.211	0.748
PANSS positive symptoms	−0.046	0.377
PANSS negative symptoms	−0.070	0.108
PANSS general symptoms	0.048	0.195
Stress	−0.001	0.314
Verbal fluency
Age	0.034	0.493
Sex	6.733	0.007
Education, years	2.165	0.000
Course of disease, years	−0.270	0.056	≤0.001
Smoking/no smoking	2.047	0.464
PANSS positive symptoms	0.427	0.057
PANSS negative symptoms	−0.193	0.294
PANSS general symptoms	−0.170	0.277
Stress	0.006	0.229

Note: Bold represents significant P-values.

Table 2 Demographic and assessment results of sample characteristics in patients with schizophrenia (n=274)

Variables	Mean ± SD or n (%)
Age, years	33.93 ± 20.56
Sex
Male	134 (48.9%)
Female	140 (51.1%)
Education, years	11.17 ± 2.78
Smoking status
Smoking	68 (24.8%)
No smoking	206 (75.2%)
Course of disease	9.32 ± 7.25
PANSS symptoms
PANSS positive symptoms	18.97 ± 6.04
PANSS negative symptoms	18.81 ± 6.57
PANSS general symptoms	32.90 ± 9.92
Stress	264.92 ± 209.39
Cognitive function
Verbal memory	10.57 ± 3.09
Working memory	17.15 ± 5.24
Motor speed	65.36 ± 14.11
Verbal fluency	58.93 ± 17.80
Attention	36.66 ± 11.37
Executive function	11.23 ± 4.11
Composite score	199.89 ± 40.26
Coping style
Positive coping	10.49 ± 5.59
Negative coping	19.50 ± 6.82

Abbreviations: PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, SD, standard deviation.

Figure 1 Effects of stress on working memory plotted by low, mean, and high positive coping.

Note: Low, mean, and high positive coping were mean - SD, mean, and mean + SD of positive coping scores.

Table 3 Model results predicting moderation of coping style in the relationship between stress and working memory

Analysis	Predictor	Regression coefficient	Standard error	t	P-value	Lower limit of 95% CI	Upper limit of 95% CI
Model 1	Education	0.391	0.104	7.069	0.000	0.530	0.940
	Course of disease	−0.107	0.039	−1.970	0.050	−0.155	0.000
	Negative symptoms	−0.131	0.044	−2.370	0.018	−0.191	−0.018
	Stress	−0.111	0.001	−1.959	0.051	−0.006	0.000
	Positive coping	−0.010	0.053	−0.177	0.860	−0.113	0.094
	Interaction term	0.016	0.000	0.291	0.772	0.000	0.001
Model 2	Education	0.390	0.110	6.700	0.000	0.519	0.951
	Course of disease	−0.100	0.039	−1.861	0.064	−0.149	0.004
	Negative symptoms	−0.120	0.044	−2.175	0.031	−0.182	−0.009
	Stress	−0.072	0.001	−1.215	0.225	−0.005	0.001
	Negative coping	0.013	0.046	0.226	0.821	−0.079	0.100
	Interaction term	−0.122	0.000	−2.116	0.035	−0.001	0.000

Notes: Stress measured by the Social Readjustment Rating Scale; positive coping and negative coping measured by the Simple Cope Style Questionnaire (SCSQ). Interaction term is the multiplied effects of stress and positive coping (Model 1) and stress and negative coping (Model 2).

Figure 2 Effects of stress on working memory plotted by low, mean, and high negative coping.

Note: Low, average, and high negative coping were mean - SD, mean, and mean + SD of negative coping scores.