Influence of trait anxiety, child maltreatment, and adulthood life events on depressive symptoms

Figures & data

Figure 1 Results of covariance structure analysis in the structural equation model with child maltreatment, trait anxiety (STAI-Y trait anxiety), negative and positive appraisal of life events in adulthood (LES negative and LES positive), and depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) in 404 adult volunteer subjects from the community.

Notes: Rectangles indicate the observed variables. The oval indicates the latent variable. Arrows with solid lines represent the statistically significant pathways, and the broken lines show the nonsignificant pathways. The numbers beside the arrows show the standardized path coefficients (minimum -1, maximum 1). ^**P<0.01, ^***P<0.001.
Abbreviations: LES, Life Experiences Survey; STAI-Y, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y.

Table 1 Background characteristics, PHQ summary, CATS, STAI-Y, and LES scores of the subjects, and their correlation with and effects on PHQ-9 scores

Characteristics or measures	Number or mean±SD	Correlation with PHQ-9 scores (ρ) or effect on PHQ-9 scores (mean±SD, U-test)
Age (years)	42.3±11.9	ρ=−0.116*
Sex (men:women)	220:184	Men 2.9±3.6 vs women 3.7±4.1* (U-test)
Years of education	15.2±2.0	ρ=−0.065, P=0.193
Employment status (employed:unemployed)	341:56	Employed 3.3±3.8 vs unemployed 3.6±4.4, P=0.955 (U-test)
Current marital status (married:single)	287:114	Married 3.0±3.7 vs single 4.0±4.1** (U-test)
Presence of offspring (yes:no)	270:131	Yes 2.9±3.6 vs no 4.0±4.2** (U-test)
Living alone (yes:no)	101:295	Yes 3.6±4.2 vs no 3.1±3.7, P=0.357 (U-test)
Comorbidities (yes:no)	81:319	Yes 3.6±3.7 vs no 3.2±3.8, P=0.120 (U-test)
PHQ summary score	3.3±3.8
CATS (average score)
Sexual abuse	0.04±0.22	ρ=0.155**
Neglect	0.61±0.58	ρ=0.331**
Punishment	1.41±0.62	ρ=0.207**
Total	0.65±0.43	ρ=0.323**
STAI-Y state anxiety	40.3±10.3	ρ=0.547**
STAI-Y trait anxiety	41.7±9.8	ρ=0.624**
LES (change score)
Negative	1.7±3.1	ρ=0.328**
Positive	1.7±3.0	ρ=−0.054, P=0.275

Notes: Data are presented as means±SD or numbers. ρ=Spearman rank correlation coefficient.

* P<0.05,

** P<0.01.

Abbreviations: CATS, Child Abuse and Trauma Scale; LES, Life Experiences Survey; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; STAI-Y, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y.

Table 2 Results of stepwise multiple regression analysis of PHQ-9

Independent factors selected by stepwise regression	Standardized partial regression coefficient (beta)	P-value	VIF
STAI-Y trait anxiety	0.561	<0.001	1.213
CATS neglect	0.133	0.001	1.138
LES negative	0.137	0.001	1.111
Age (years)	−0.081	0.034	1.019
Adjusted R^2=0.466	F=82.892, P<0.001

Notes: Dependent variable: PHQ-9 summary score. The 14 independent variables tested were as follows: age, sex (men=0, women=1), current marital status (single=0, married=1), presence of offspring (yes=1, no=0), living alone (yes=0, no=1), years of education, employment status (unemployed=0, employed=1), comorbidities (yes=1, no=0), CATS (neglect, punishment, and sexual abuse), LES change scores (positive and negative), and STAI-Y trait anxiety scores. R²=square sums of multiple correlation coefficient.

Abbreviations: CATS, Child Abuse and Trauma Scale; LES, Life Experiences Survey; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; STAI-Y, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y; VIF, variance inflation factor.

Table 3 Correlation (ρ) between subscale scores of the CATS, the LES positive and negative scores, and the STAI-Y state and trait scores

Measures	CATS Neg	CATS Pun	CATS Sex	CATS total	LES positive	LES negative	STAI-Y state	STAI-Y trait
CATS Neg	1.000	0.309**	0.218**	0.862**	−0.029	0.148**	0.218**	0.312**
CATS Pun		1.000	0.156**	0.609**	−0.065	0.073	0.094	0.189**
CATS Sex			1.000	0.262**	−0.025	0.028	0.065	0.115*
CATS total				1.000	−0.022	0.128*	0.200**	0.296**
LES positive					1.000	0.122*	−0.143**	−0.101*
LES negative						1.000	0.208**	0.266**
STAI-Y state							1.000	0.739**
STAI-Y trait								1.000

Notes: ρ=Spearman rank correlation coefficient;

* P<0.05,

** P<0.01.

Abbreviations: CATS, Child Abuse and Trauma Scale; LES, Life Experiences Survey; Neg, neglect subscale; Pun, punishment subscale; STAI-Y, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y; Sex, sexual abuse subscale.