A novel approach to cardiovascular disturbances in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders treated with long-acting injectable medication

Figures & data

Table 1 Median duration of disease and duration of LAI treatment (months) depending on components of metabolic syndrome – cardiovascular risk factors

Cardiovascular risk factors and conditions with cut-point values	Groups and tests	Computed parameters	n	Pre-LAI	LAI	Total duration
Systolic hypertension (>140 mmHg)	Groups	+	7	120	12	156
		−	57	69	12	84
	Mann–Whitney test	U		136	134	136.5
		P-value (two-tailed)		0.172	0.166	0.175
Diastolic hypertension (>90 mmHg)	Groups	+	2	228	42	270
		−	62	74.5	12	84
	Mann–Whitney test	U		25	30.5	21
		P-value (two-tailed)		0.153	0.222	0.113
Hyperglycemia (>106 mg/dL)	Groups	+	41	81	12	84
		−	23	77	11	96
	Mann–Whitney test	U		460	421	458
		P-value (two-tailed)		0.872	0.483	0.850
Hypercholesterolemia (>200 mg/dL)	Groups	+	46	74.5	8	120
		−	18	90	12	84
	Mann–Whitney test	U		408.5	354.5	410
		P-value (two-tailed)		0.935	0.373	0.958
Hypertriglyceridemia (>150 mg/dL)	Groups	+	32	84	12.5	84
		−	32	70.5	11.5	96
	Mann–Whitney test	U		447	420.5	476.5
		P-value (two-tailed)		0.383	0.218	0.633
Obesity (BMI >30 kg/m^2)	Groups	+	22	114	24	156
		−	42	69	10	72
	Mann–Whitney test	U		403	239.5	372.5
		P-value (two-tailed)		0.404	0.002	0.205

Notes: The “+” groups include the patients for whom the condition is true, the rest are included in the “−” group. The Mann–Whitney test was applied between the “+” and the “−” groups. P-values for significant differences are presented in bold.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; LAI, long-acting injectable.

Table 2 Median duration of disease and duration of treatment with LAI (months) according to echocardiography parameters

Echocardiographic parameters and conditions with cut-point values	Groups and tests	Computed parameters	n	Pre-LAI	LAI	Total duration
LAVI (mL/m^2)	Groups	+	8	87.5	16	92
		−	56	71.3	11	87
	Mann–Whitney test	U		306	258.5	352
		P-value (two-tailed)		0.262	0.095	0.412
IVS >11 mm	Groups	+	9	108	10	132
		−	55	77	12	84
	Mann–Whitney test	U		192	220	198
		P-value (two-tailed)		0.284	0.594	0.338
PWLV >11 mm	Groups	+	8	132	12	144
		−	56	74.5	12	84
	Mann–Whitney test	U		182.5	209	182.5
		P-value (two-tailed)		0.399	0.760	0.399
EDDLV >56 mm	Groups	+	3	120	24	156
		−	61	77	12	84
	Mann–Whitney test	U		73.5	87	77
		P-value (two-tailed)		0.587	0.886	0.645
E wave <80 m/s	Groups	+	49	96	12	108
		−	15	24	12	48
	Mann–Whitney test	U		194	357	197
		P-value (two-tailed)		0.006	0.867	0.007
A wave <60 m/s	Groups	+	35	45	10	60
		−	29	108	14	156
	Mann–Whitney test	U		335.5	384	335.5
		P-value (two-tailed)		0.020	0.096	0.020
E/A >0.8	Groups	+	48	92	15	107
		−	16	26	17	53
	Mann–Whitney test	U		189	442	180
		P-value (two-tailed)		0.012	0.052	0.023
IVRT >100 ms	Groups	+	46	82	19	81
		−	18	44	23	67
	Mann–Whitney test	U		155	224	132
		P-value (two-tailed)		0.044	0.058	0.053
LVEF <50%	Groups	+	8	207	24	258
		−	56	70.5	12	84
	Mann–Whitney test	U		156	159	154.5
		P-value (two-tailed)		0.157	0.185	0.158
GLS <21.5%	Groups	+	44	109.5	12	120
		−	20	28.5	11.5	60
	Mann–Whitney test	U		241	431	260.5
		P-value (two-tailed)		0.004	0.896	0.009
GRS <45%	Groups	+	48	82.5	12	90
		−	16	74.5	10	90
	Mann–Whitney test	U		346.5	288	342
		P-value (two-tailed)		0.561	0.135	0.514

Notes: The “+” groups include the patients for whom the condition is true, the rest are included in the “−” group. The Mann–Whitney test was applied between the “+” and the “−” groups. P-values for significant differences are presented in bold.

Abbreviations: EDDLV, end diastolic diameter of the left ventricle; GLS, global longitudinal strain; GRS, global radial strain; IVS, interventricular septum; IVRT, isovolumetric relaxation time; LAI, long-acting injectable; LAVI, left atrium volume index; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; PWLV, posterior wall of the left ventricle.

Table 3 Comparison of echocardiographic parameters between olanzapine and risperidone (Mann–Whitney U test results)

Statistical parameters	LAVI	RV	IVS	PWLV	EDDLV	LVEF	E wave	A wave	GLS	GRS
Mann–Whitney U	434.0	509.5	503.5	495.0	493.0	435.5	344.0	421.0	351.0	310.5
Wilcoxon W	930.0	1,070.5	1,064.5	1,056.0	1,054.0	931.5	840.0	982.0	847.0	806.5
Z	−1.045	−0.027	−0.111	−0.226	−0.250	−1.024	−2.251	−1.217	−2.157	−2.701
Asymp Sig (two-tailed)	0.296	0.978	0.912	0.821	0.803	0.306	0.024	0.223	0.031	0.007

Note: P-values for significant differences are presented in bold.

Abbreviations: EDDLV, end diastolic diameter of the left ventricle; GLS, global longitudinal strain; GRS, global radial strain; IVS, interventricular septum; LAVI, left atrium volume index; LVEF, left ventricle ejection fraction; PWLV, posterior wall of the left ventricle; RV, right ventricle.