Effectiveness of parent training in improving stress-coping capability, anxiety, and depression in mothers raising children with autism spectrum disorder

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographics of the study mothers

Demographics	n=16
Age (years), mean (SD)	40.3 (4.6)
Level of education, n
University education	4
No university education	10
Unknown	2
Working, n
Homemaker	9
Full-time job	1
Part-time job	4
Unknown	2

Table 2 Characteristics of study children with ASD

Characteristics	n=16
Age (years), mean (SD)	6.8 (2.0)
Male, n (%)	16 (100)
DQ/IQ, mean (SD)	101.9 (22.0)
Siblings, n (%)
No siblings	3 (19)
With siblings	13 (81)
CBCL, mean (SD)
Total T-scores	68.1 (6.1)
Externalized T-scores	67.1 (10.7)
Internalized T-scores	62.1 (7.6)

Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorder; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; DQ, developmental quotient; IQ, intelligence quotient.

Table 3 Contents and points of the PT program

Points	Contents
1	Orientation and self-introduction
2	Observation and record of the behavior	Individual consultation and group workshop
3	Structured teaching	Individual consultation and group workshop
4	Reinforcement	Individual consultation and group workshop
5	Help when your child cannot do	Individual consultation and group workshop
6	How to reduce problematic behavior	Individual consultation and group workshop
7	Consideration of individual issues and summary	Closing ceremony
8	Follow-up (2 months after Session 7)

Abbreviation: PT, parent training.

Table 4 BDI-II, SCI, STAI, CBCL scores, and subscale scores: pre- and post-PT

	PT		P-value	t
	Pre	Post
BDI-II	16.1 (8.4)	11.9 (8.1)	0.01*	2.8
SCI
Pla	6.0 (4.4)	7.3 (4.8)	0.2	−1.5
Con	6.1 (3.9)	5.2 (3.1)	0.2	1.3
See	5.7 (3.6)	4.9 (3.8)	0.5	0.6
Acc	6.1 (4.4)	4.5 (3.1)	0.2	1.5
Sel	6.7 (3.1)	6.2 (2.7)	0.5	0.7
Esc	5.9 (2.4)	4.1 (2.2)	0.004**	3.3
Dis	4.3 (3.0)	4.4 (2.2)	0.9	−0.2
Pos	4.6 (3.2)	6.9 (4.1)	0.005**	−3.3
STAI
A-state	50.6 (10.7)	46.9 (12.7)	0.2	1.3
A-trait	53.3 (8.4)	47.7 (9.5)	0.009**	3
CBCL
Internalizing	62.1 (7.6)	61.7 (9.1)	0.8	0.2
Externalizing	67.1 (10.7)	65.9 (12.1)	0.5	0.8
Total	68.1 (6.1)	67.1 (8.4)	0.5	0.8

Notes: Data are represented as mean (SD). Paired t-test,

* P<0.05,

** P<0.01. Pla indicates deliberate analytic efforts to alter or remedy the situation; Con indicates efforts to identify the cause of the problem and eliminate the source; See indicates efforts to seek informational, tangible, and emotional support from others; Acc indicates acknowledging one’s role in the problem with rectification; Sel indicates efforts to control one’s feelings and actions; Esc indicates wishful thinking to escape or avoid a problem; Dis indicates efforts to detach oneself and to minimize the significance of the situation; Pos indicates efforts to create a positive meaning and personal growth.

Abbreviations: BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory Second Edition; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; PT, parent training; SCI, Stress Coping Inventory; STAI, State– Trait Anxiety Inventory.

Table 5 Correlation between the change of SCI and the change of STAI anxiety trait

STAI A-trait	r	P-value
SCI Pla	0.1	0.7
SCI Con	0.5	0.05
SCI See	0.2	0.4
SCI Acc	0.2	0.4
SCI Sel	0.2	0.4
SCI Esc	0.6	0.01*
SCI Dis	−0.01	1.0
SCI Pos	−0.3	0.4

Notes:

* P<0.05. Pla indicates deliberate analytic efforts to alter or remedy the situation; Con indicates efforts to identify the cause of the problem and eliminate the source; See indicates efforts to seek informational, tangible, and emotional support from others; Acc indicates acknowledging one’s role in the problem with rectification; Sel indicates efforts to control one’s feelings and actions; Esc indicates wishful thinking to escape or avoid a problem; Dis indicates efforts to detach oneself and to minimize the significance of the situation; Pos indicates efforts to create a positive meaning and personal growth.

Abbreviations: r, Pearson correlation coefficient; SCI, Stress Coping Inventory; STAI, State–Trait Anxiety Inventory.

Table 6 Correlation between the change of the externalized CBCL T-scores and SCI subscales

	r	P-value
SCI Pla	0.243	0.365
SCI Con	0.416	0.109
SCI See	0.089	0.742
SCI Acc	0.432	0.095
SCI Sel	−0.291	0.274
SCI Esc	0.268	0.315
SCI Dis	−0.518	0.04*
SCI Pos	0.117	0.667

Notes:

* P<0.05. Pla indicates deliberate analytic efforts to alter or remedy the situation; Con indicates efforts to identify the cause of the problem and eliminate the source; See indicates efforts to seek informational, tangible, and emotional support from others; Acc indicates acknowledging one’s role in the problem with rectification; Sel indicates efforts to control one’s feelings and actions; Esc indicates wishful thinking to escape or avoid a problem; Dis indicates efforts to detach oneself and to minimize the significance of the situation; Pos indicates efforts to create a positive meaning and personal growth.

Abbreviations: r, Pearson correlation coefficient; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; SCI, Stress Coping Inventory.