Odor perception and hedonics in chronic schizophrenia and in first episode psychosis

Figures & data

Table 1 Sample characteristics for schizophrenia with first episode psychosis (FEP), chronic schizophrenia (SCH) and healthy comparison (C) groups

Characteristics	Mean (±SD)			P-value (<0.05)
	FEP (n=20)	SCH (n=27)	C (n=29)
Sex; male:female	8:12	12:15	13:16	0.906
Age (years)	27.2 (±4.6); min=18; max=36	33.7 (±5.11); min=26; max=40	33.14 (±4.85); min=24; max=40	0.000
Smoking (%)	60.00	66.67	53.57	0.596
Duration of illness (years)	–	8.97 (±3.20)	–	–
BE (pmol/L)	18.54 (±7.69)	30.11(±12.33)	20.48 (±6.41)	0.000
PANSS	44.7 (±19.83)	48.3 (±15.71)	–	0.215
PANSS G	18.00 (±9.18)	17.63 (±7.47)	–	0.921
PANSS P	8.85 (±5.32)	10.77 (±5.20)	–	0.929
PANSS N	14.90 (±7.98)	21.47 (±8.39)	–	0.029
UPSIT	29.45 (±3.47)	25.23 (±3.53)	33.18 (±2.37)	0.000
UPSIT P	10.15 (±1.5)	8.53 (±1.91)	12.64 (±1.52)	0.000
UPSIT N	10.90 (±1.94)	9.20 (±2.22)	11.43 (±2.22)	0.000
UPSIT U	8.12 (±1.14)	7.89 (±1.11)	8.25 (±0.69)	0.032
H	16.50 (±7.44)	14.37 (±11.62)	11.86 (±8.81)	0.217
H P	11.60 (±3.15)	10.23 (±3.76)	8.36 (±3.72)	0.009
H N	8.25 (±4.27)	6.30 (±5.02)	5.75 (±4.38)	0.107
H U	−2.00 (±3.24)	−1.83 (±4.27)	−3.21 (±3.02)	0.530

Abbreviations: BE, β-endorphin; H, hedonic judgment of all UPSIT odors; H N, hedonic judgment of neutral odors; H P, hedonic judgment of pleasant odors; H U, hedonic judgment of unpleasant odors; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; PANSS G, PANSS General Psychopathology Scale; PANSS P, PANSS Positive Scale; PANSS N, PANSS Negative Scale; UPSIT, total UPSIT (University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test) odors correct identification score; UPSIT N, neutral odors correct identification score; UPSIT P, pleasant odors correct identification score; UPSIT U, unpleasant odors correct identification score.

Figure 1 Blood concentration of BE in study samples: patients with FEP, patients with SCH, and controls.

Abbreviations: BE, β-endorphin; FEP, first episode psychosis; SCH, chronic schizophrenia.

Figure 2 Pleasant odor (UPSIT P) identification accuracy in study samples.

Abbreviations: FEP, first episode psychosis; SCH, chronic schizophrenia: UPSIT, University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test.

Figure 3 Correlation between BE concentration and psychopathological symptom severity among patients with FEP.

Abbreviations: BE, β-endorphin; FEP, first episode psychosis; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.