Monitoring And Managing Depression In Adolescents With Epilepsy: Current Perspectives

Figures & data

Table 1 The 12-Item Revised NDDI-E-Y For Children And Adolescents With Epilepsy, Aged 12–17 Years

Factor Pattern		Factor 1
NDDIEY 1	Everything is a struggle	0.67407
NDDIEY 2	I have trouble finding anything that makes me happy	0.71354
NDDIEY 3	I feel like crying	0.74924
NDDIEY 4	I feel frustrated	0.71954
NDDIEY 5	I feel unhappy	0.75388
NDDIEY 6	I think about dying or killing myself	0.54603
NDDIEY 7	Nothing I do is ever right	0.65103
NDDIEY 8	I feel sorry about things	0.62544
NDDIEY 9	I feel sad	0.80397
NDDIEY 10	I feel guilty	0.65280
NDDIEY 11	I feel cranky or irritated	0.61863
NDDIEY 12	I feel alone	0.76142

Notes: Reproduced with permission from Wagner JL, Kellermann T, Mueller M, et al Development and validation of the NDDI-E-Y: a screening tool for depressive symptoms in pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsia 2016;57(8):1265–70. Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 International League Against Epilepsy.³⁵

Table 2 Psychotropic Proprieties Of Antiepileptic Drugs

Antiepileptic Drug	Mechanism Of Action	Psychotropic Action	Mood Effect
Barbiturates	GABAergic	Negative psychotropic action	–
Benzodiazepines	GABAergic	Negative psychotropic action	–
Vigabatrin	GABAergic	Negative psychotropic action	–
Tiagabine	GABAergic	Negative psychotropic action	–
Topiramate	Voltage-sensitive sodium channel GABAergic ↓Glutammate	Negative psychotropic action	–
Levetiracetam	Synaptic vesicle SV2A Presynaptic Calcium Channels	Negative psychotropic action	–
Zonisamide	Voltage sensitive sodium channels T-type Calcium channels	Negative psychotropic action	–
Felbamate	+ GABAA receptors − NMDA receptors	Negative psychotropic action	–
Perampanel	Non-competitive antagonist AMPA receptoris	Negative psychotropic action	–
Valproic acid	Voltage dipendent sodium channel GABAergic effect	Mood-stabilizing	+
Carbamazepine	Voltage sensitive sodium channels blocker Serotonin release/ reuptake inhibitor	Mood-stabilizing	+
Oxcarbazepine	Voltage sensitive sodium channels blocker	Mood-stabilizing	+
Lamotrigine	Voltage sensitive sodium channels blocker	Mood-stabilizing	+

Table 3 Non-pharmacological Interventions For Adolescents With Epilepsy And Depressive Symptoms

Non-Pharmacological Interventions
Psychoeducation	Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Epilepsy
QOL issues	Individual therapy
AEDs	Supportive therapy
Learning, social difficulties	Family therapy
Mood/Anxiety disorder
Treatment modalities	School services

Abbreviations: QOL, Quality Of Life; AEDs, Antiepileptic Drugs.

Wagner JL, Kellermann T, Mueller M, et al. Development and validation of the NDDI-E-Y: a screening tool for depressive symptoms in pediatric epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2016;57(8):1265–1270. doi:10.1111/epi.1344627354177

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