Lower vitamin D levels are associated with depression in patients with gout

Figures & data

Table 1 Patient characteristics stratified by depression

Characteristics	Patients with depression (n=32)	Patients without depression (n=154)	Healthy volunteers (n=200)	P-valuea
Age, mean ± SD, years	61.5±10.1	62.0±11.1	62.3±8.2	0.820
Male, n (%)	26 (81.3)	125 (81.2)	116 (58.0)	0.991
BMI, kg/m^2				0.319
<25.0	14 (43.8)	43 (27.9)	59 (29.5)
25.0–29.9	9 (28.1)	58 (37.7)	76 (38.0)
30.0–34.9	5 (15.6)	36 (23.4)	45 (22.5)
≥35.0	4 (12.5)	17 (11.0)	20 (10.0)
Alcohol consumption, n (%)				0.557
Daily	8 (25.0)	43 (28.3)
3–4 times per week	9 (28.1)	30 (19.7)
1–2 times per week	7 (21.9)	32 (21.1)
Occasionally	3 (9.4)	30 (19.7)
Never	5 (15.6)	17 (11.2)
Comorbidity, n (%)
Hypertension	21 (65.6)	88 (57.1)		0.375
Diabetes mellitus	7 (21.9)	21 (13.5)		0.223
Coronary heart disease	4 (12.5)	14 (8.8)		0.511
Hyperlipidemia	15 (46.9)	60 (39.0)		0.406
Stroke	2 (6.3)	7 (4.5)		0.654
Kidney failure	3 (9.4)	7 (4.5)		0.380
Gout characteristics
Gout duration, median (IQR), years	6 (4–11)	6 (3–8)		0.178
Frequency of gout attacks				<0.001
0	6 (18.8)	53 (34.4)		0.083
1–2	9 (28.1)	82 (53.2)		0.010
≥3	17 (53.1)	19 (12.3)		<0.001
Gout attacks in multiple joint	25 (78.1)	46 (29.9)		<0.001
Current medication use, n (%)
Allopurinol	17 (53.1)	92 (57.9)		0.489
NSAID	12 (37.5)	44 (28.6)		0.316
Corticosteroids	3 (9.4)	11 (7.1)		0.712
25(OH)D, n (%)				0.003
Quartile 1	14 (43.8)	28 (18.2)		0.002
Quartile 2	9 (28.1)	31 (20.1)		0.317
Quartile 3	4 (12.5)	39 (25.3)		0.117
Quartile 4	5 (15.6)	56 (36.4)		0.023
25(OH)D, mean ± SD, nmol/L	46.4±19.0	57.0±17.3	65.1±19.7	0.002

Notes: Data are expressed as number (percentage) or mean ± SD or medians (IQR).

a Compared between the patients with depression and the patients without depression.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

Table 2 Characteristics associated with depression in gout patientsa

Variables	OR (95% CI)	P-value
25(OH)Db	3.833 (1.406–10.453)	0.009
Gout attacks in multiple joint	4.454 (1.468–13.512)	0.008
Frequent gout attacks (≥3)	6.136 (1.737–21.674)	0.005
Age	0.986 (0.945–1.029)	0.520
Sex	1.011 (0.322–3.176)	0.985

Note:

a Includes age, sex, and the variables which were significant (P<0.05) in the multivariable model;

b quartile 1.

Abbreviation: 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.