Self-perception of mental illness, and subjective and objective cognitive functioning in people with schizophrenia

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic characteristics and clinical measures of participants (n=37)

	Mean ± SD/n/%
Age (years)	42.8±8.9
Education (years)	12.7±3.9
Onset of illness	25.5±9.5
Illness of duration	17.3±7.7
Gender
Male	16 (56.8%)
Female	21 (43.2%)
Occupation
Currently unemployed	34 (91.8%)
Currently employed	3 (8.2%)
Marital status
Single	29 (78.4%)
Married	3 (8.1%)
Widowed/divorced	5 (13.5%)
	Median/range
The Birchwood Insight Scale	7.0 (2–11)
Awareness of symptoms	2.0 (0–4)
Awareness of illness	2.0 (0–4)
Need for treatment	3.5 (0–4)
Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale	2.3 (1.5–3.6)
Alienation	2.3 (1–4)
Stereotype endorsement	2.0 (0.8–3.4)
Discrimination experience	2.4 (1.2–3.6)
Social withdrawal	2.3 (1–4)
Stigma resistance	2.2 (1.6–2.8)
Scale to Investigate Cognition in Schizophrenia	29 (8–57)
Working memory	3 (0–7)
Explicit memory	13 (0–26)
Attention	7 (0–19)
Executive function	4 (0–10)
Language	1 (0–4)
Praxia	0 (0–4)

Table 2 Description of Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery of participants (n=37)

Variables	Raw scores		T-score
	Median	Range	Median	Range
C1 (Motor functions)	4.0	(0–21)	33.0	(30–52)
C2 (Rhythm)	5.0	(0–13)	47.0	(30–78)
C3 (Tactile functions)	4.0	(0–17)	41.0	(33–67)
C4 (Visual functions)	11.0	(0–18)	55.0	(30–73)
C5 (Receptive speech)	8.0	(0–20)	47.0	(31–71)
C6 (Expressive speech)	7.0	(1–28)	38.0	(30–68)
C7 (Writing)	2.0	(0–14)	43.0	(38–72)
C8 (Reading)	0.0	(0–8)	38.0	(38–55)
C9 (Arithmetic)	4.0	(0–22)	50.0	(40–97)
C10 (Memory)	13.0	(2–24)	62.0	(36–89)
C11 (Intellectual processes)	27.0	(8–63)	60.0	(37–105)

Table 3 Correlations of insight and SSTICS, LNNB and ISMI scale of participants (n=37)

Variables	Total insight	Awareness of symptoms	Awareness of illness	Need for treatment
Working memory	0.20	0.03	0.39**	0.06
Explicit memory	0.25	0.14	0.47**	0.10
Attention	0.22	0.02	0.52**	0.07
Executive function	0.19	0.03	0.49**	0.12
Language	0.14	0.05	0.22	0.03
Praxia	0.00	0.02	0.23	0.24
Total SSTICS	0.24	0.09	0.52**	−0.11
C1 (Motor functions)	0.16	−0.17	0.07	−0.11
C2 (Rhythm)	−0.08	−0.10	−0.06	0.06
C3 (Tactile functions)	−0.17	−0.10	0.08	−0.30
C4 (Visual functions)	−0.06	−0.09	0.10	0.05
C5 (Receptive speech)	−0.35*	−0.33*	−0.10	−0.08
C6 (Expressive speech)	−0.23	−0.24	−0.01	−0.08
C7 (Writing)	−0.29	−0.22	−0.01	−0.00
C8 (Reading)	−0.12	−0.23	−0.29	−0.04
C9 (Arithmetic)	−0.32*	−0.46**	0.08	−0.20
C10 (Memory)	0.01	0.02	0.12	0.16
C11 (Intellectual processes)	−0.28	−0.17	−0.01	−0.25
Alienation	0.36*	0.25	0.54**	−0.10
Stereotype endorsement	0.26	0.22	0.41**	−0.06
Discrimination experience	0.10	0.16	0.24	−0.22
Social withdrawal	0.29	0.26	0.44**	−0.11
Stigma resistance	−0.03	0.07	0.26	−0.41*
Total ISMI	0.31	0.26	0.52**	−0.16

Note: *P< 0.05; **P<0.01.

Abbreviations: SSTICS, Scale to Investigate Cognition in Schizophrenia; LNNB, Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery; ISMI, Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness.

Table 4 Correlations of ISMI scale and SSTICS, and LNNB of participants (n=37)

Variables	Total ISMI	Alienation	Stereotype endorsement	Discrimination experience	Social withdrawal	Stigma resistance
Working memory	0.55**	0.58 **	0.38*	0.46**	0.41*	0.24
Explicit memory	0.64**	0.69**	0.60**	0.45**	0.56**	0.25
Attention	0.68**	0.68**	0.53**	0.39*	0.74**	0.09
Executive function	0.49**	0.49**	0.44**	0.29	0.43**	0.04
Language	0.34*	0.40*	0.35*	0.12	0.30	0.10
Praxia	0.21	0.25	0.22	0.18	0.06	0.28
Total SSTICS	0.73**	0.76**	0.64**	0.48**	0.66**	0.22
C1 (Motor functions)	0.31	0.18	0.19	0.29	0.27	0.29
C2 (Rhythm)	0.05	0.01	0.17	0.20	−0.08	−0.15
C3 (Tactile functions)	0.12	0.03	0.03	0.02	0.22	−0.01
C4 (Visual functions)	0.19	0.08	0.26	0.23	0.19	0.13
C5 (Receptive speech)	−0.06	−0.14	0.10	−0.01	−0.13	0.13
C6 (Expressive speech)	0.08	−0.02	0.18	0.05	0.06	0.29
C7 (Writing)	−0.04	−0.17	−0.02	0.14	0.02	0.04
C8 (Reading)	0.09	−0.01	0.06	−0.03	0.15	−0.03
C9 (Arithmetic)	0.09	0.04	0.07	0.06	0.05	0.18
C10 (Memory)	0.21	0.18	0.32	0.10	0.13	0.05
C11 (Intellectual processes)	0.32	−0.09	0.17	0.02	−0.06	0.32

Note: *P< 0.05; **P< 0.01.

Abbreviations: ISMI, Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness; SSTICS, Scale to Investigate Cognition in Schizophrenia; LNNB, Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery.

Table 5 Description of SSTICS and ISMI scale scores of good insight group and poor insight group

	Good insight group n=27	Poor insight group n=10	P-value
	Median/range	Median/range
Working memory	3.5 (0–7)	2.5 (1–6)	0.228
Explicit memory	13.6 (0–26)	9.3 (2–22)	0.064
Attention	7.5 (0–19)	5.4 (3–9)	0.025*
Executive function	4.7 (0–10)	3.2 (1–7)	0.079
Language	1.6 (0–4)	1.0 (0–3)	0.104
Praxia	0.5 (0–4)	0.5 (0–2)	1.00
Total SSTICS	31 (8–57)	21.5 (12–40)	0.035*
Alienation	2.4 (1–4)	2.0 (1.5–2.6)	0.009**
Stereotype endorsement	2.0 (1.5–3.4)	1.7 (0.8–2.4)	0.010*
Discrimination experience	2.4 (1.2–3.6)	2.3 (1.8–3.0)	0.743
Social withdrawal	2.5 (1.5–4.0)	2.1 (1–2.8)	0.013*
Stigma resistance	2.2 (1.6–2.8)	2.3 (1.6–2.6)	0.726
Total ISMI	2.3 (1.5–3.6)	2.12 (1.5–2.5)	0.014*

Note: *P<0.05; **P<0.01.

Abbreviations: SSTICS, Scale to Investigate Cognition in Schizophrenia; ISMI, Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness.

Table 6 Description of SSTICS scores of no internalized stigma group and mild to moderate internalized stigma group

	No internalized stigma n=6	Mild to moderate internalized stigma n=31	P-value
	Median/range	Median/range
Working memory	2.0 (0–5)	3.4 (1–7)	0.053
Explicit memory	4.5 (0–13)	13.4 (3–26)	0.007**
Attention	3.6 (0–8)	6.9 (1–19)	0.024*
Executive function	3.0 (0–8)	4.4 (1–10)	0.127
Language	0.4 (0–3)	1.5 (0–4)	0.018*
Praxia	0.0 (0–0)	0.6 (0–4)	0.027*
Total SSTICS	12.5 (8–28)	31.0 (8–57)	0.004**

Notes: *P<0.05; **P<0.01.

Abbreviation: SSTICS, Scale to Investigate Cognition in Schizophrenia.