Antipsychotics and risk of natural death in patients with schizophrenia

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of cases and controls

Characteristics	Cases (N=157) N (%)	Controls (N=444) N (%)	p-value
Gender			0.941
Male	102 (65.0)	287 (64.6)
Female	55 (35.0)	157 (35.4)
Age (years)			0.583
18–29	7 (4.5)	9 (2.0)
30–39	14 (8.9)	37 (8.3)
40–49	38 (24.2)	117 (26.4)
50–59	57 (36.3)	162 (36.5)
60–65	41 (26.1)	119 (26.8)
Mean age(year)	51.7	52.3	0.442
Number of concomitant antipsychotics			0.001
0	106 (67.5)	178 (40.1)
1	41 (26.1)	209 (47.1)
≥2	10 (6.4)	57 (12.8)
Antiepileptics			0.444
Yes	7 (4.5)	14 (3.2)
No	150 (95.5)	430 (96.8)
Benzhexol			0.030
Yes	7 (4.5)	45 (10.1)
No	150 (95.5)	399 (89.9)
Benzodiazepine			0.620
Yes	9(5.7)	21 (4.7)
No	148(94.3)	423 (95.3)
Smoking^a			0.637
Yes	35 (22.3)	109 (24.5)
No	118 (75.2)	331 (74.5)
Alcohol intake^a			0.421
Yes	35 (22.3)	88 (19.8)
No	117 (74.5)	353 (79.5)
Comorbidity^a			0.060
Yes	24 (15.3)	105 (23.6)
No	113 (72.0)	309 (69.6)
Marital status^a			0.588
Married	100 (63.7)	299 (67.3)
Single	50 (31.8)	134 (30.2)
Profession^a			0.641
Farmer	112 (71.3)	319 (71.8)
Other	40 (25.5)	103 (23.2)
Education (years)^a			0.467
0	37 (23.6)	120 (27.0)
≤9	101 (64.3)	281 (63.3)
>9	12(7.6)	24 (5.4)
Primary family caregivers^a			0.865
First class relative	102 (65.0)	293 (66.0)
Other	49 (31.2)	136 (30.6)
Family history^a			0.704
Positive	5 (3.2)	17 (3.8)
Negative	151 (96.2)	422 (95.0)

Note: ^aThe sample size does not correspond to 601 due to the presence of missing data.

Figure 1 Clinical characteristics of the 601 patients with schizophrenia.

Notes: (A) The number of concomitant antipsychotics use in the case and control group (0: no antipsychotic use;1: monotherapy;2: 2 or 2 more antipsychotic use). (B) The patient number of comorbidity in the case and control group (0: no comorbidity; 1: have comorbidity). (C) The patient number of benzhexol use in the case and control group (0: no benzhexol use; 1: benzhexol use).

Table 2 Odds ratio of the association between mortality from natural causes and medication

Group comparison	Crude OR	95% CI	p-value	Adjusted OR	95% CI	p-value
1 vs 0	0.28	0.18–0.45	0.000	0.27	0.16–0.46	0.000
2 vs 0	0.27	0.13–0.58	0.001	0.29	0.12–0.70	0.005
0 vs 1	3.56	2.25–5.64	0.000	3.64	2.18–6.08	0.000
2 vs 1	0.97	0.44–2.11	0.930	1.07	0.46–2.53	0.871

Notes: Adjusted for covariates in the final model of whole population (antipsychotics concomitant categories, comorbidity, and benzhexol); 0: no antipsychotic use; 1: monotherapy; 2: 2 or 2 more antipsychotic use.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 3 Odds ratio of the association between mortality from natural causes and medication, stratified by gender, age, and year

Group comparison	Crude OR	95% CI	p-value	Adjusted OR	95%CI	p-value
1 vs 0	0.41^a	0.24–0.71^a	0.002	0.42^a	0.23–0.77^a	0.005
	0.13^b	0.06–0.32^b	0.000	0.11^b	0.04–0.30^b	0.000
	0.11^c	0.04–0.33^c	0.000	0.06^c	0.01–0.27^c	0.000
	0.10^d	0.03–0.34^d	0.000	0.09^d	0.02–0.34^d	0.000
2 vs 0	0.31^a	0.13–0.77^a	0.012	0.33^a	0.11–0.95^a	0.041
	0.23^b	0.06–0.89^b	0.034	0.22^b	0.05–0.97^b	0.046
	0.12^c	0.02–0.68^c	0.016	0.05^c	0.00–0.70^c	0.025
	0.13^d	0.01–1.12^d	0.063	0.08^d	0.01–1.43^d	0.087
0 vs 1	2.43^a	1.40–4.21^a	0.002	2.39^a	1.30–4.39^a	0.005
	7.50^b	3.17–17.74^b	0.000	9.45^b	3.35–26.63^b	0.000
	8.79^c	3.07–25.12^c	0.000	15.89^c	3.68–68.58^c	0.000
	9.61^d	2.96–31.18^d	0.000	11.70^d	2.97–46.03^d	0.000
2 vs 1	0.76^a	0.30–1.90^a	0.553	0.79^a	0.28–2.23^a	0.651
	1.74^b	0.40–7.61^b	0.463	2.09^b	0.44–9.77^b	0.351
	1.08^c	0.19–6.03^c	0.927	0.87^c	0.07–10.43^c	0.914
	1.23^d	0.13–11.73^d	0.857	0.99^d	0.08–12.94^d	0.997

Notes: ^aAdjusted for covariates in the final model of male (antipsychotics concomitant categories, comorbidity, and benzhexol). ^bAdjusted for covariates in the final model of female (antipsychotics concomitant categories, comorbidity, and benzhexol). ^cAdjusted for covariates in the final model during 40–49 years (antipsychotics concomitant categories, comorbidity, and benzhexol). ^dAdjusted for covariates in the final model during 60–65 years (antipsychotics concomitant categories, comorbidity, and benzhexol); 0: no antipsychotic use; 1: monotherapy; 2: 2 or 2 more antipsychotic use.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.