Personality associated with depressive status in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of subjects with and without possible or probaple depression

		Possible			Probable
	No depression	Depression	Significant	No depression	Depression	Significant
	(n=305)	(n=130)		(n=367)	(n=68)
Sex
Male (n, %)	187 (61)	69 (53)	ns	220 (60)	36 (53)	ns
Female (n, %)	118 (39)	61 (47)		147 (40)	32 (47)
Age (years)	63.5±12.9	62.2±12.1	ns	63.6±12.7	60.3±12.3	p<0.05
BMI	24.9±4.0	25.7±4.8	ns	24.9±4.1	26.2±5.0	p<0.05
HbA1c (%)	7.1±0.9	7.1±0.8	ns	7.1±0.9	7.1±0.9	ns
Smoking habit
Yes (n, %)	46 (15)	26 (20)	ns	51 (14)	21 (31)	p<0.05
No (n, %)	259 (85)	104 (80)		316 (86)	47 (69)
Habitual alcohol consumption
Yes (n, %)	106 (35)	41 (32)	ns	129 (35)	18 (26)	ns
No (n, %)	199 (65)	89 (68)		238 (65)	50 (74)
Exercise frequency
None (n, %)	160 (52)	68 (52)	ns	186 (51)	41 (60)	ns
Once a week (n, %)	23 (8)	7 (5)		28 (8)	4 (6)
2–3 times a week (n, %)	46 (15)	19 (15)		54 (15)	10 (15)
4–5 times a week (n, %)	34 (11)	6 (5)		35 (10)	5 (7)
Almost everyday (n, %)	55 (18)	17 (13)		64 (17)	8 (12)
Single
Yes (n, %)	86 (28)	46 (35)	ns	105 (28)	27 (40)	ns
No (n, %)	219 (72)	84 (65)		262 (72)	41(60)
Living alone
Yes (n, %)	34 (11)	20 (15)	ns	44 (12)	10 (15)	ns
No (n, %)	271(89)	110 (85)		323 (88)	58 (85)
Personaliy traits
Extraversion	4.4±1.2	3.9±1.4	p<0.01	4.3±1.2	3.8±1.4	p<0.01
Agreeableness	5.3±1.0	4.8±1.1	p<0.001	5.3±1.0	4.5±1.2	p<0.001
Conscientiousness	4.4±1.3	3.8±1.2	p<0.01	4.3±1.3	3.8±1.3	p<0.01
Neuroticism	3.4±1.2	4.3±1.1	p<0.001	3.5±1.2	4.6±1.2	p<0.001
Openness	4.0±1.1	3.6±1.3	p<0.01	3.8±1.1	3.7±1.4	ns

Notes: Data are shown as mean ± SD. Possible depression is defined as 16 or higher on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Probable depression is defined as 21 or higher on the CES-D.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ns, not significant.

Table 2 Logistic regression results for factors associated with depression among T2DM patients

	Possible depression		Probable depression
	Exp(B)	95% CI	Exp(B)	95% CI
Sex	1.03	0.78–2.2	1.18	0.59–2.36
Age	1.02	1.00–1.04	1.01	0.99–1.04
BMI	1.04	0.98–1.11	1.07	0.99–1.15
HBA1c	1.05	0.80–1.36	0.95	0.68–1.33
Smoking	0.64	0.33–1.22	0.31**	0.15–0.67
Alcohol	1.16	0.68–1.97	2.13*	1.02–4.46
Exercise frequency	0.91	0.78–1.06	0.99	0.81–1.21
Single	1.15	0.63–2.10	1.24	0.58–2.64
Living alone	0.99	0.41–2.39	0.76	0.25–2.27
Extraversion	0.88	0.72–1.08	0.76*	0.58–1.00
Agreeableness	0.74*	0.59–0.94	0.55***	0.40–0.74
Conscientiousness	0.88	0.70–1.09	1.00	0.75–1.32
Neuroticism	1.87***	1.48–2.37	2.19***	1.59–3.00
Openness	0.84	0.67–1.05	1.18	0.89–1.58

Notes: Possible depression is defined as 16 or higher on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Probable depression is defined as 21 or higher on the CES-D. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001

Abbreviations: T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.

Table 3 Simple and multiple regression results for factors associated with severity of depression among T2DM patients

	r	Significance	Beta	Significance
Sex	0.044	0.181	0.027	0.575
Age	−0.030	0.265	0.128	0.012
BMI	0.035	0.234	0.026	0.568
HBA1c	−0.001	0.490	−0.011	0.798
Smoking	−0.083	0.043	−0.112	0.011
Alcohol	0.068	0.078	0.087	0.055
Exercise frequency	−0.045	0.176	−0.001	0.982
Single	0.116	0.008	0.103	0.041
Living alone	0.053	0.134	−0.022	0.658
Personaliy traits
Extraversion	−0.206	<0.001	−0.089	0.056
Agreeableness	−0.312	<0.001	−0.234	<0.001
Conscientiousness	−0.218	<0.001	−0.033	0.482
Neuroticism	0.428	<0.001	0.347	<0.001
Openness	−0.133	0.003	−0.032	0.484
Multiple correlation coefficients			0.525	<0.001

Note: Bolds show statistically significant.

Abbreviations: T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.