Quality of life in euthymic patients with unipolar major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographics characteristic and QOL scores

Characteristics	MDD (n=49)		BD (n=59)		HC (n=52)		Statistics		Post Hoc Analysis
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	Mean	SD	F	p
Age (years)	37.59	10.08	30.31	10.23	36.92	10.23	8.96	<0.001	BD < MDD, HC
Education (years)	13.94	3.45	13.59	3.16	13.48	2.81	0.29	0.748	-
Duration of illness (months)^a	86.49	83.71	81.07	84.89	-	-	0.11	0.740	-
Age at onset^a	30.96	10.95	24.02	9.08	-	-	12.97	<0.001	BD < MDD
Recurrence times^a	2.14	1.28	3.39	2.19	-	-	12.39	0.001	-
HAMD total score	2.81	2.29	2.00	2.01	0.58	1.19	18.27	<0.001	HC < BD < MDD
HAMA total score	4.23	4.79	2.56	3.04	0.62	1.37	14.95	<0.001	HC < BD < MDD
YMRS total score	0.31	1.01	2.49	4.71	0.85	1.75	7.38	0.001	MDD, HC < BD
WHOQL-BREF domains
PHYS	13.34	2.24	14.31	2.31	15.55	1.63	14.24	<0.001	MDD, BD < HC
PSYCH	13.24	2.31	14.32	2.37	15.05	1.98	8.41	<0.001	MDD < BD, HC
SOCIL	12.98	2.61	13.56	2.56	14.92	1.92	8.93	<0.001	MDD, BD < HC
ENVIR	13.70	2.15	13.82	2.54	14.08	2.01	0.36	0.696	-
Total scores	73.74	16.33	77.54	13.08	85.34	10.75	9.43	<0.001	MDD, BD < HC
RBANS									-
Attention	105.89	15.54	103.00	14.24	106.87	13.16	1.08	0.342	-
Language	93.64	12.74	89.84	14.32	95.79	15.35	2.44	0.090	-
Visuospatial	96.67	15.55	96.60	15.98	97.92	17.96	0.11	0.900	-
Immediate memory	87.16	17.18	83.93	16.31	88.79	18.89	1.10	0.337	-
Delayed memory	90.73	16.84	85.37	13.14	92.92	14.38	3.13	0.046	BD < HC
Total scores	92.49	15.42	88.26	11.27	94.44	14.89	2.85	0.061
SCT
Sword time	17.29	4.16	17.73	5.95	16.43	5.05	0.87	0.422	-
Scolor time	22.77	7.59	25.83	11.68	21.13	6.90	3.69	0.027	-
Dword time	21.09	7.22	21.86	8.11	20.63	9.51	0.30	0.742	-
Dcolor time	38.87	9.72	43.04	15.10	38.59	11.84	2.04	0.134	-
	N	%	N	%	N	%	χ^Citation1	p
Gender (men)^b	21	42.9	37	75.5	23	44.2	5.48	0.065	-
Married^b	31	63.3	29	49.2	37	71.2	5.81	0.055	-
Current use of drugs ^b	7	14.29	5	8.48	-	-	0.92	0.339	-

Notes: ^a Student’s t-test. ^b χ² analysis. All other values result from analysis of variance, with Bonferroni correction used in post hoc. “Recurrence times” denotes times of relapse.

Abbreviations: MDD, major depressive disorder; BD, bipolar disorders; HC, health controls. PHYS, physical health; PSYCH, psychological health; SOCIL, social relationship; ENVIR, environment; RBANS, repeated neuropsychologicalassessment scale; SCT, Stroop Color Test; WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Brief.

Figure 1 Comparison of WHOQOL-BREF domain scores between major depressive and bipolar patients, and healthy subjects. *p<0.05 (2-tailed). **p<0.01 (2-tailed). ***p<0.001 (2-tailed).

Abbreviations: MDD, major depressive disorder; BD, bipolar disorders; HC, health controls; PHYS, physical health; PSYCH, psychological health; SOCIL, social relationship; ENVIR, environment; QOL, quality of life; WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Brief.

Table 2 Correlations between sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, and neurocognitive functions, and WHOQL-BREF domain scores in euthymic MDD and BD patients

Patients (n=49)	QOL domains
	Physical		Psychological		Social		Environmental
	MDD	BD	MDD	BD	MDD	BD	MDD	BD
Gender	0.233	−0.108	0.245	−0.089	0.383**	0.093	0.237	0.053
Age	0.217	−0.149	0.280	−0.146	0.478**	−0.306*	0.149	−0.167
Marital status	−0.344*	−0.007	−0.397**	0.088	−0.440**	0.060	−0.349**	0.010
Education	−0.268	−0.098	−0.208	−0.236	0.299*	−0.136	0.068	−0.037
Duration of illness	−0.193	−0.105	−0.179	0.000	−0.127	−0.163	−0.024	−0.165
Age at onset	0.354*	−0.097	0.400**	−0.163	0.549**	−0.218	0.169	−0.061
Recurrence times	−0.134	−0.278*	−0.200	−0.309*	−0.008	−0.166	−0.006	−0.314*
HAMD total score	−0.543**	−0.179	−0.514**	−0.312*	−0.549**	−0.232	−0.464**	−0.073
HAMA total score	−0.378**	−0.239	−0.283	−0.260*	−0.291*	−0.173	−0.416**	−0.039
YMRS total score	−0.270	0.151	−0.149	0.172	−0.215	0.145	−0.261	0.131
RBANS total score	−0.198	−0.032	−0.089	−0.202	−0.005	−0.226	0.062	−0.019
Attention	0.069	−0.020	0.043	−0.268*	−0.024	−0.123	0.139	−0.257
Language	−0.072	0.053	0.059	0.077	−0.002	0.002	0.092	0.092
Visuospatial	−0.257	−0.101	−0.104	−0.054	−0.117	−0.236	−0.005	−0.049
Immediate memory	−0.259	−0.010	−0.198	−0.052	−0.070	−0.149	0.022	0.086
Delayed memory	−0.144	0.076	−0.100	−0.104	0.111	−0.076	0.044	0.060
SCT
Sword time	0.191	−0.042	0.088	0.030	0.095	0.054	−0.011	−0.032
Scolour time	0.012	0.238	0.006	0.259	−0.031	0.145	−0.184	0.106
Dword time	0.247	−0.151	0.217	−0.193	0.286	−0.139	0.068	−0.267*
Dcolour time	−0.004	0.226	−0.092	0.175	0.105	0.100	−0.089	0.064

Notes: *Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Abbreviations: QOL, quality of life; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; HAMA, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale; RBANS, repeated neuropsychologicalassessment scale; SCT, Stroop Color Test; WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Brief.

Table 3 The multivariate regression analysis of influential factors on the life qualities of patients with MDD patients

Dependent variable	Independent variable	Coefficient	Standardized coefficient	t	p
Physical (R^Citation1=0.428, F=8.044, P<0.001)	Marital status	0.863	−0.222	−1.798	0.079
	Age at onset	0.038	0.186	1.477	0.147
	HAMD total**	−0.401	−0.404	−3.075	0.004
	HAMA total	−0.089	−0.188	−1.459	0.152
Psychological (R^Citation1=0.421, F=10.650 P<0.001)	marital status*	−1.092	−0.272	−2.221	0.032
	Age at onset	0.045	0.213	1.708	0.095
	HAMD total**	−0.458	−0.448	−3.824	≤0.001
Social (R^Citation1=0.600, F=8.583, P<0.001)	Gender	1.058	0.202	1.745	0.089
	Age	0.043	0.165	1.020	0.314
	Marital status	−0.936	−0.207	−1.895	0.065
	Education	−0.036	−0.047	−0.427	0.672
	Age at onset	0.046	0.195	1.152	0.256
	HAMD total**	−0.478	−0.415	−3.484	0.001
	HAMA total	−0.006	−0.011	−0.085	0.932
Environmental (R^Citation1=0.378, F=8.920, P<0.001)	marital status**	−1.226	−0.329	−2.758	0.008
	HAMD tota*	−0.304	−0.320	−2.411	0.020
	HAMA total	−0.120	−0.0265	−2.004	0.051

Notes: *Analysis is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). **Analysis is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

Abbreviations: MDD, major depressive disorder; HAMA, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.

Table 4 The multivariate regression analysis of influential factors on the life qualities of patients with BD patients

Dependent variable	Independent variable	Coefficient	Standardized coefficient	t	p
Physical (R^Citation1=0.027, F=1.590, P=0.212)	Recurrence times	−0.030	−0.165	−1.261	0.212
Psychological (R^Citation1=0.236, F=4.025, P=0.006)	Recurrence times	−0.034	−0.184	−1.504	0.139
	HAMD total	−0.308	−0.257	−1.542	0.129
	HAMA total	−0.129	−0.155	−0.934	0.354
	Attention*	−0.042	−0.250	−2.054	0.045
Social (R^Citation1=0.094, F=5.893, P=0.018)	Age*	−0.078	−0.306	−2.428	0.018
Environmental (R^Citation1=0.072, F=2.059, P=0.138)	Recurrence times	−0.005	−0.028	−0.188	0.851
	Dword time	−0.077	−0.256	−1.752	0.086

Notes: *Analysis is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Abbreviations: BD, bipolar disorder; HAMA, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale; HAMD, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.

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