Factors related to lithium blood concentrations in Chinese Han patients with bipolar disorder

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart of the recruitment of participants.

Abbreviation: BD, bipolar disorder.

Table 1 Distribution of independent variables measured from 186 patients with BD

	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Standard Deviation
Age (year)	20	65	35.15	10.92
BMI (kg/m^2)	19.14	37.87	24.21	4.41
Lithium concentration (mmol/L)	0.11	1.34	0.60	0.23
TBIL (umol/L)	1.90	29.50	7.71	4.38
DBIL (umol/L)	1.50	17.90	3.33	1.77
TP (g/L)	56.00	81.20	66.25	4.62
Albumin (g/L)	27.00	53.10	42.26	3.82
Globulin (g/L)	16.20	43.00	23.88	3.40
ALT (U/L)	5.00	168.00	25.84	22.82
AST (U/L)	9.00	97.00	21.83	12.01
ALP (U/L)	25.00	159.00	65.06	18.90
γ-GT (U/L)	2.00	250.00	24.44	26.30
TBA (umol/L)	0.30	34.10	5.10	4.97
TC (mmol/L)	1.08	7.89	4.06	0.91
HDL (mmol/L)	0.63	2.30	1.13	0.27
TG (mmol/L)	0.42	7.80	1.80	1.25
Apolipoprotein A1 (g/L)	0.58	1.58	1.00	0.18
Apolipoprotein B (g/L)	0.39	1.40	0.75	0.19
BUN (mmol/L)	1.66	6.65	3.39	0.96
CRE (umol/L)	35.00	107.00	64.45	12.92
Uric acid (umol/L)	124.00	620.00	387.22	104.79
K^+ (mmol/L)	3.44	437.00	6.65	31.73
Na^+ (mmol/L)	134.40	145.20	139.82	1.81
Cl^− (mmol/L)	98.10	110.00	103.65	2.60
Ca^2+ (mmol/L)	2.05	2.66	2.29	0.097
CK (U/L)	22.00	567.00	77.19	66.86
Glucose (mmol/L)	3.43	11.96	4.96	1.03
Mg^2+ (mmol/L)	0.62	1.06	0.87	0.070
WBC (10^9/L)	1.95	17.31	7.54	2.35
Neutrophil percentage (%)	28.30	82.50	60.78	8.91
Lymphocyte percentage (%)	8.10	57.00	27.78	7.95
Monocyte percentage (%)	3.10	12.20	6.12	1.56
Basophilic percentage (%)	0.10	1.10	0.36	0.18
Eosinophil percentage (%)	0.10	12.90	3.24	2.14
Number of neutrophils (10^9/L)	0.62	11.73	4.68	1.92
Number of lymphocytes (10^9/L)	0.63	4.00	2.01	0.66
Number of monocytes (10^9/L)	0.11	0.97	0.45	0.16
Number of eosinophils (10^9/L)	0.00	0.93	0.24	0.16
Number of basophils (10^9/L)	0.00	0.09	0.027	0.015
Number of RBC (10^12/L)	2.60	5.72	4.21	0.51
HB concentration (g/L)	94.00	162.00	129.14	14.44
PCV (%)	25.80	48.30	37.92	4.04
MCV (fl)	68.90	101.70	90.13	4.05
MCH (pg)	19.80	229.60	31.80	14.74
MCHC (g/L)	256.00	385.00	340.89	18.03
RDW-CV (%)	10.60	111.00	12.77	7.29
Number of platelets (10^9/L)	58.00	413.00	207.66	56.60
MPV (fl)	8.90	14.20	10.72	0.92
PDW (%)	31.40	64.80	42.38	6.21
PCT (%)	0.07	0.41	0.22	0.056

Abbreviations: BD, bipolar disorder; BMI, body-mass-index; TBIL, total bilirubin; DBIL, direct bilirubin; TP, total Protein; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; γ-GT, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase; TBA, total bile acid; TC, total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; TG, triglyceride; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CRE, creatinine; CK, creatine kinase; WBC, white blood cell; HB, hemoglobin; PCV, packed cell volume; MCV, mean corpuscular volume; MCH, mean corpuscular hemoglobin; MCHC, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration; RDW-CV, red cell distribution width coefficient of variation; MPV, mean platelet volume; PDW, platelet distribution width; PCT, platelet crit.

Figure 2 Histogram of resulting lithium concentration in 186 patients with bipolar disorder.

Figure 3 Positive correlations between serum lithium concentration and creatinine (A), Mg²⁺ (B) concentrations, and percentage of neutrophils (C) in 186 patients with bipolar disorder.

Notes: These data are normally distributed (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). P<0.05 (two-tailed) was considered statistically significant.

Figure 4 Negative correlations between the serum lithium concentration and HDL (A), apolipoprotein A1 (B), and Na⁺ concentrations (C) in186 patients with bipolar disorder.

Note: These data are normally distributed (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). P<0.05 (two-tailed) was considered statistically significant.

Table 2 Multiple linear regression analysis between the serum lithium concentrations (dependent variable) and the creatinine, HDL, apolipoprotein A1, Na⁺, Mg²⁺ concentrations, and percentage of neutrophils (independent variables)

Variables	B	t	P	95% CI		Collinearity statistics
				Lower bound	Upper bound	Tolerance	Variation inflation factor
Constant	3.199	2.371	0.019	0.536	5.862
creatinine	0.002	1.175	0.242	−0.001	0.004	0.231	4.327
HDL	−0.035	−0.263	0.792	−0.293	0.224	0.227	4.408
apolipoprotein A1	−0.166	−0.867	0.387	−0.544	0.212	0.894	1.118
Na^+	−0.022	−2.317	0.022*	−0.041	−0.003	0.971	1.030
Mg^2+	0.384	1.515	0.132	−0.117	0.885	0.876	1.142
Percentage of neutrophils	0.004	2.341	0.020*	0.001	0.008	0.962	1.039

Note: These data are normally distributed (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test). P<0.05 (two-tailed) was considered statistically significant.

Abbreviation: HDL, High-density lipoprotein.