A virtual reality application for assessment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in school-aged children

Figures & data

Table 1 The demography and VR test in the ADHD and control groups

	ADHD (n=77)	Control (n=63)	P/F-value
Age	8.34±1.41	8.17±1.54	0.498
Sex (male/female)	57/20	49/14	0.694
VR test
Correct items	36.82±5.85	38.92±3.31	0.012*
Incorrect items	4.58±2.98	3.90±2.54	0.154
Total time	237.6±100.84	211.33±27.37	0.047*
Accuracy (%)	87.66±12.24	91.08±5.35	0.041*

Note: *P<0.05.

Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; VR, virtual reality.

Figure 1 Examples of ADHD evaluation using a VR test.

Notes: (A) A high-end VR headset with 1080 x 1200 pixels per eye resolution, 90 Hz refresh rate and 110 degrees field of view. (B) Position tracking of the VRMC system for ADHD test. (C) Stroop of the VRMC system for ADHD test. (D) Object Recognition of the VRMC system for ADHD test.
Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; VR, virtual reality; VRMC, Virtual Reality Medical Center system.

Table 2 The correlation between VR test and IVA-CPT

	Correct items		Incorrect Items		Total time		Accuracy
	r	P	r	P	r	P	r	P
Auditory control	0.001	0.994	−0.056	0.517	0.026	0.760	0.037	0.665
Auditory attention	0.120	0.163	−0.032	0.715	−0.178	0.038*	0.084	0.328
Visual control	−0.050	0.563	−0.097	0.26	0.064	0.463	0.072	0.407
Visual attention	0.114	0.185	−0.157	0.069	−0.222	0.009**	0.192	0.025*

Note: *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

Abbreviations: IVA-CPT, Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test; VR, virtual reality.

Table 3 The correlation between VR test and CPRS/CBCL

	Correct items		Incorrect items		Total time		Accuracy
	r	P	r	P	r	P	r	P
CPRS
Impulsion/Hyperactivity	−0.003	0.974	0.197	0.021*	−0.015	0.865	−0.179	0.037*
Conduct problems	0.055	0.525	0.126	0.143	−0.031	0.717	−0.100	0.246
ADHD index	−0.029	0.738	0.175	0.041*	−0.046	0.594	−0.174	0.043*
Cognitive problems	−0.119	0.166	0.116	0.179	0.037	0.668	−0.164	0.056
Psychosomatic problems	0.061	0.481	0.020	0.820	−0.094	0.276	−0.024	0.781
Anxiety	−0.042	0.625	−0.095	0.273	−0.033	0.702	0.054	0.534
CBCL
Attention problems	−0.238	0.005**	−0.130	0.131	0.210	0.014*	−0.181	0.036*
Social problems	−0.196	0.023*	0.223	0.009**	0.055	0.528	−0.268	0.002**
Cognitive problems	−0.055	0.529	0.159	0.066	0.144	0.095	0.147	0.090
Anxious/depressed	0.016	0.851	0.095	0.272	−0.035	0.688	−0.087	0.314
Somatic complaints	0.019	0.824	0.012	0.887	−0.106	0.223	−0.019	0.825
Withdrawn	−0.069	0.423	0.006	0.949	0.113	0.191	−0.046	0.597
Aggressive behavior	0.068	0.432	0.142	0.100	−0.043	0.622	−0.101	0.246
Delinquent Behavior	0.122	0.158	0.083	0.339	−0.029	0.742	−0.039	0.650

Notes: *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

Abbreviations: ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist: CPRS, Conners’ Parent Rating Scale; VR, virtual reality.