Sex Differences In Psychoeducation For Patients With Depression: A Comparison Of Frequency And Efficacy Of Psychoeducation

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics Of Entire Subjects And The Comparison Between Remitters And Non-Remitters And Between Male And Female Subjects

			Entire Subjects (n=424)	Remitters (n=122)	Non-Remitters (n=269)	p-Value	Male (n=134)	Female (n=290)	p-Value
Age			56.1±16.9	59.7±15.0	53.2±17.3	0.000**	54.3±16.5	56.9±17.1	0.000**
Sex (male:female)			134:290	47:75	77:192	0.051	-		-
Diagnosis (n)	Depression		364	110	224	0.123	117	247	0.621
	Bipolar disorder		27	8	19		10	17
	Dysthymic disorder		10	0	10		2	8
	Personality disorder		10	2	7		3	7
	Others		13	2	9		2	11
Age at onset			47.6±16.9	51.7±16.5	45.1±16.9	0.000**	46.7±16.1	48.0±17.2	0.484
Duration of disease (years)			8.8±9.0	8.4±8.6	8.5±9.0	0.964	7.4±7.6	9.4±9.5	0.028*
Duration of taking antidepressants (years)			6.9±7.2	6.8±7.3	6.5±6.9	0.667	6.0±6.7	7.3±7.4	0.086
Number of major depressive episodes (times)			1.9±1.6	1.6±1.4	2.0±1.7	0.029*	1.7±1.4	1.9±1.7	0.216
Number of hospitalizations (times)			0.4±1.1	0.4±1.1	0.4±1.0	0.947	0.4±1.0	0.5±1.1	0.526
GAF			66.1±13.5	71.4±12.2	63.1±13.2	0.000**	68.2±12.6	65.1±13.7	0.027*
CGI-S			3.3±1.0	2.9±0.9	3.6±0.9	0.000**	3.1±0.9	3.4±1.0	0.002**
QIDS-J			9.2±5.7	2.9±1.7	12.1±4.4	0.000**	8.0±5.5	9.8±5.7	0.003**
Remitters/Non-remitters			122:269				47:77	75:192	0.051
Receiving explanation (yes:no)		A	261:161	76:46	166:102	0.947	97:37	164:124	0.002**
		B	206:213	67:55	126:139	0.178	80:52	126:161	0.001**
		C	213:206	62:58	137:130	0.946	83:51	130:155	0.002**
		D	239:179	68:54	152:113	0.765	91:42	148:137	0.002**
		E	193:224	54:68	124:141	0.643	69:63	124:161	0.095
		F	119:298	35:87	75:191	0.920	47:85	72:213	0.030*
		G	211:206	58:63	143:124	0.304	73.58	138:148	0.157
		H	150:265	42:79	101:165	0.538	52:81	98:184	0.390
Comprehension scores		A	5.2±2.8	5.4±2.9	5.1±2.8	0.391	5.6±2.8	5.1±2.8	0.077
		B	4.6±2.9	5.1±3.1	4.4±2.8	0.026*	5.4±2.9	4.3±2.9	0.000**
		C	5.0±3.0	5.0±3.2	5.0±2.9	0.917	5.5±3.0	4.8±3.0	0.026*
		D	4.7±3.0	5.0±3.1	4.6±3.0	0.216	5.5±3.0	4.3±3.0	0.000**
		E	3.9±3.1	4.3±3.3	3.7±3.0	0.073	4.4±3.1	3.7±3.1	0.025*
		F	3.2±3.0	3.7±3.3	2.8±2.8	0.009**	3.5±3.1	3.1±3.0	0.216
		G	3.9±3.1	4.4±3.3	3.7±3.0	0.056	4.2±3.2	3.8±3.1	0.227
		H	3.3±3.0	3.7±3.2	3.1±2.9	0.050	3.7±3.1	3.1±2.9	0.103
		Total	33.8±20.2	35.8±22.2	32.7±19.1	0.251	37.2±20.2	32.1±20.0	0.003**

Notes: *p<0.05, **p<0.01. A: depressive symptoms, B: the course of depression, C: the cause of depression, D: the treatment plan, E: the duration of antidepressant uses, F: how to discontinue antidepressant, G: the side effects of antidepressants, H: psychotherapy.

Abbreviation: GAF, The Global Assessment of Functioning; CGI-S, The Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale; QIDS-J, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Japanese version.

Table 2 Comparison For Both Male And Female Subjects Of The Comprehension Scores Between Patients Divided By Whether They Received Explanations

Receiving Explanation	Comprehension Scores	Male			Female
		Received	Not Received	p-Value	Received	Not Received	p-Value
Item A	A	6.5±2.4	3.3±2.7	0.000	6.0±2.4	3.8±2.8	0.000
	B	6.3±2.4	3.0±2.7	0.000	5.2±2.7	3.1±2.7	0.000
	C	6.6±2.4	2.8±2.7	0.000	5.7±2.7	3.6±3.1	0.000
	D	6.5±2.4	3.1±3.0	0.000	5.3±2.7	3.0±2.7	0.000
	E	5.2±2.9	2.4±2.8	0.000	4.6±2.9	2.5±2.9	0.000
	F	4.3±3.1	1.3±1.7	0.000	3.7±3.0	2.2±2.7	0.000
	G	5.1±3.2	2.0±2.2	0.000	4.6±3.1	2.7±2.8	0.000
	H	4.4±3.0	1.7±2.3	0.000	4.0±3.0	2.0±2.4	0.000
	Total	44.3±17.1	19.5±16.3	0.000	39.5±17.9	21.7±18.0	0.000
Item B	A	6.4±2.4	4.2±3.0	0.000	6.2±2.3	4.1±2.8	0.000
	B	6.5±2.2	3.6±2.9	0.000	5.7±2.5	3.2±2.7	0.000
	C	6.7±2.2	3.7±3.3	0.000	5.9±2.5	3.9±3.1	0.000
	D	6.7±2.1	3.7±3.1	0.000	5.8±2.4	3.2±2.8	0.000
	E	5.5±2.8	2.8±2.8	0.000	5.0±2.9	2.7±2.9	0.000
	F	4.3±3.0	2.0±2.6	0.000	3.9±3.1	2.4±2.7	0.000
	G	4.9±3.1	3.0±3.1	0.000	4.8±3.1	3.0±2.8	0.000
	H	4.7±3.0	2.0±2.4	0.000	4.1±2.9	2.4±2.7	0.000
	Total	45.4±16.6	25.0±19.0	0.000	41.9±16.3	23.8±18.8	0.000
Item C	A	6.6±2.5	3.9±2.7	0.000	6.3±2.2	4.0±2.8	0.000
	B	6.4±2.4	3.7±2.9	0.000	5.5±2.5	3.2±2.7	0.000
	C	6.8±2.3	3.4±2.8	0.000	6.2±2.0	3.6±3.2	0.000
	D	6.6±2.2	3.7±3.2	0.000	5.7±2.5	3.1±2.9	0.000
	E	5.3±3.0	3.0±2.7	0.000	4.9±2.7	2.7±3.1	0.000
	F	4.2±3.2	2.2±2.5	0.000	3.9±2.9	2.3±2.8	0.000
	G	5.2±3.1	2.6±2.7	0.000	4.9±3.0	2.9±2.9	0.000
	H	4.5±3.1	2.2±2.6	0.000	4.1±2.9	2.3±2.7	0.000
	Total	45.2±17.0	24.8±18.6	0.000	42.0±16.0	23.4±18.9	0.000
Item D	A	6.4±2.4	3.7±2.9	0.000	5.9±2.4	4.1±2.9	0.000
	B	6.4±2.3	3.2±2.7	0.000	5.3±2.6	3.1±2.8	0.000
	C	6.6±2.3	3.2±3.0	0.000	5.9±2.5	3.7±3.2	0.000
	D	6.7±2.1	2.9±2.9	0.000	5.7±2.4	2.8±2.8	0.000
	E	5.4±2.9	2.4±2.5	0.000	5.0±2.8	2.3±2.8	0.000
	F	4.3±3.1	1.5±1.9	0.000	3.9±2.9	2.1±2.8	0.000
	G	5.0±3.1	2.3±2.4	0.000	4.9±2.8	2.7±2.9	0.000
	H	4.5±3.1	1.7±2.1	0.000	4.2±2.8	2.1±2.7	0.000
	Total	45.1±16.8	20.9±16.5	0.000	41.3±16.8	22.0±18.4	0.000
Item E	A	6.5±2.3	4.6±3.1	0.000	6.0±2.4	4.3±2.8	0.000
	B	6.6±2.3	4.1±3.0	0.000	5.6±2.5	3.3±2.8	0.000
	C	6.7±2.1	4.3±3.3	0.000	6.1±2.5	3.8±3.1	0.000
	D	6.8±2.0	4.2±3.2	0.000	6.0±2.3	3.0±2.8	0.000
	E	6.3±2.2	2.4±2.7	0.000	5.8±2.6	2.1±2.5	0.000
	F	4.7±2.9	2.0±2.6	0.000	4.1±2.9	2.3±2.8	0.000
	G	5.2±3.1	3.1±2.9	0.000	4.9±2.9	3.0±2.9	0.000
	H	4.9±3.1	2.3±2.5	0.000	4.3±2.8	2.3±2.7	0.000
	Total	47.4±15.9	26.8±18.8	0.000	43.1±16.9	23.3±17.9	0.000
Item F	A	6.4±2.4	5.1±3.0	0.011	6.6±2.1	4.5±2.8	0.000
	B	6.4±2.4	4.9±3.0	0.004	6.0±2.1	3.6±2.8	0.000
	C	6.4±2.4	5.1±3.2	0.026	6.3±2.3	4.3±3.1	0.000
	D	6.6±2.1	4.9±3.2	0.000	5.9±2.5	3.7±2.9	0.000
	E	6.2±2.4	3.5±3.0	0.000	5.6±2.4	3.0±3.1	0.000
	F	5.6±2.5	2.2±2.6	0.000	6.0±2.1	2.0±2.5	0.000
	G	5.1±3.0	3.7±3.2	0.013	5.9±2.5	3.0±2.9	0.000
	H	4.9±2.9	3.0±3.0	0.001	4.9±2.6	2.5±2.7	0.000
	Total	47.4±16.6	32.0±20.0	0.000	47.3±14.3	26.0±18.5	0.000
Item G	A	6.6±2.4	4.4±2.9	0.000	6.2±2.3	4.0±2.8	0.000
	B	6.4±2.4	4.1±2.9	0.000	5.4±2.7	3.2±2.7	0.000
	C	6.8±2.4	4.1±3.0	0.000	6.0±2.5	3.7±3.0	0.000
	D	6.8±2.2	4.0±3.1	0.000	5.5±2.7	3.2±2.8	0.000
	E	5.5±3.0	3.1±2.8	0.000	4.7±3.0	2.8±2.9	0.000
	F	4.3±3.1	2.3±2.6	0.000	4.1±3.0	2.1±2.7	0.000
	G	5.7±2.8	2.2±2.5	0.000	5.7±2.3	2.0±2.5	0.000
	H	4.6±3.1	2.5±2.7	0.000	4.5±2.8	1.9±2.4	0.000
	Total	46.6±16.7	25.8±18.5	0.000	42.1±16.8	22.0±17.8	0.000
Item H	A	6.2±2.6	5.2±3.0	0.053	6.2±2.2	4.4±2.9	0.000
	B	6.2±2.5	4.9±3.1	0.013	5.8±2.6	3.4±2.8	0.000
	C	6.6±2.5	4.9±3.1	0.002	6.2±2.6	4.1±3.1	0.000
	D	6.3±2.3	5.0±3.2	0.006	5.8±2.5	3.5±2.9	0.000
	E	5.6±2.9	3.7±3.0	0.001	5.2±2.9	2.9±3.0	0.000
	F	4.4±3.0	2.8±3.0	0.003	4.4±2.9	2.3±2.8	0.000
	G	4.9±3.0	3.8±3.3	0.038	5.5±2.7	2.9±2.9	0.000
	H	5.8±2.5	2.3±2.6	0.000	5.3±2.3	1.9±2.5	0.000
	Total	45.5±17.8	32.0±19.9	0.000	44.6±16.3	24.6±18.3	0.000

Notes: A, depressive symptoms; B, the course of depression; C, the cause of depression; D, the treatment plan; E, the duration of antidepressant uses; F, how to discontinue antidepressant; G, the side effects of antidepressants; H, psychotherapy.

Table 3 Comparison Between Remitters And Non-Remitters For Both Male And Female Patients

			Male			Female
			Remitters	Non-Remitters	p-Value	Remitters	Non-Remitters	p-Value
Age			57.5±15.2	51.4±16.9	0.048*	61.1±15.8	53.9±17.4	0.002**
Sex (male:female)
Diagnosis (n)	Depression		42	67	0.737	68	157	0.309
	Bipolar disorder		4	6		4	13
	Dysthymic disorder		0	2		0	8
	Personality disorder		1	1		1	6
	Others		0	1		2	8
Age at onset			49.3±15.0	46.0±16.9	0.267	53.3±17.3	44.8±16.9	0.000**
Duration of disease (years)			8.4±7.1	5.6±6.0	0.020*	8.5±9.5	9.7±9.7	0.375
Duration of taking antidepressants (years)			7.0±6.9	4.7±5.5	0.036*	6.7±7.6	7.2±7.3	0.591
Number of major depressive episodes (times)			1.7±1.6	1.6±1.2	0.635	1.5±1.3	2.1±1.8	0.004
Number of hospitalizations (times)			0.4±1.1	0.3±0.7	0.373	0.4±1.1	0.5±1.1	0.744
GAF			74.9±8.2	64.0±13.3	0.000**	69.2±13.7	62.7±13.2	0.000**
CGI-S			2.7±0.6	3.4±0.9	0.000**	3.0±1.0	3.6±0.9	0.000**
QIDS-J			2.6±1.8	11.3±4.2	0.000**	3.0±1.7	12.4±4.4	0.000**
Receiving explanation (yes:no)		A	36:11	53:24	0.351	40:35	113:78	0.387
		B	33:14	41:35	0.073	34:41	85:104	0.958
		C	31:16	46:31	0.489	31:42	91:99	0.429
		D	35:12	50:27	0.267	33:42	102:86	0.133
		E	25:22	38:39	0.678	29:46	86:102	0.296
		F	16:31	25:52	0.856	19:56	50:139	0.852
		G	26:20	43:34	0.942	32:43	100:90	0.144
		H	20:27	29:48	0.589	22:52	72:117	0.203
Comprehension scores		A	6.0±2.6	5.3±2.9	0.160	5.0±3.0	5.1±2.7	0.905
		B	6.2±2.6	4.8±2.9	0.008**	4.4±3.2	4.2±2.8	0.624
		C	6.0±2.6	5.2±3.1	0.171	4.4±3.3	5.0±2.9	0.186
		D	6.1±2.6	5.0±3.1	0.056	4.3±3.2	4.4±2.9	0.815
		E	5.3±2.9	3.8±3.1	0.010*	3.8±3.4	3.7±3.0	0.905
		F	4.5±3.2	2.6±2.7	0.000**	3.3±3.3	2.9±2.8	0.442
		G	4.7±3.3	3.8±3.1	0.127	4.1±3.3	3.7±3.0	0.283
		H	4.4±3.2	3.2±2.9	0.035*	3.3±3.1	3.0±2.8	0.517
		Total	42.1±19.3	33.4±19.5	0.020*	31.4±23.0	32.5±18.9	0.731

Notes: *p<0.05, **p<0.01. A: depressive symptoms, B: the course of depression, C: the cause of depression, D: the treatment plan, E: the duration of antidepressant uses, F: how to discontinue antidepressant, G: the side effects of antidepressants, H: psychotherapy.

Abbreviations: GAF, The Global Assessment of Functioning; CGI-S, The Clinical Global Impression-severity scale; QIDS-J, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Japanese Version.