Clinical Characteristics of Women with ADHD in Japan

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographics and Clinical Characteristics by Gender

	Total Sample	Women	Men	p
		(n = 335)	(n = 156)	(n = 179)
Age, mean (SD)	32.0 (9.2)	32.6 (9.9)	31.4 (8.4)	0.21
Age by decade, n (%)
10s	6 (1.8)	3 (1.9)	3 (1.7)	>0.99
20s	153 (45.7)	70 (44.9)	83 (46.4)	0.83
30s	108 (32.2)	43 (27.6)	65 (36.3)	0.1
40s	55 (16.4)	32 (20.5)	23 (12.8)	0.08
50s	12 (3.6)	8 (5.1)	4 (2.2)	0.24
60s	1 (0.3)	0 (0)	1 (0.6)	>0.99
Years of education, mean (SD)	14.8 (1.8)	14.6 (1.6)	15.0 (1.9)	0.05
Education in detail, n (%)
Not completed compulsory education (<9 years)	3 (0.9)	0 (0)	3 (1.7)	0.25
Completed compulsory education or high school (9–12 years)	53 (15.8)	27 (17.3)	26 (14.5)	0.55
Higher education (>12 years)	279 (83.3)	129 (82.7)	150 (83.8)	0.88
Current marital status, n (%)
Single (never married)	228 (68.1)	100 (64.1)	128 (71.5)	0.16
Married (including remarried)	92 (27.5)	44 (28.2)	48 (26.8)	0.81
Divorced (single after divorce)	15 (4.5)	12 (7.7)	3 (1.7)	0.01
Employment status, n (%)
Full-time employment	152 (45.4)	53 (34.0)	99 (55.3)	<0.01
Student/homemaker	60 (17.9)	31 (19.9)	29 (16.2)	0.4
Part-time employment	67 (20.0)	45 (28.8)	22 (12.3)	<0.01
Unemployed	56 (16.7)	27 (17.3)	29 (16.2)	0.88
CAARS-S: SV scores, mean (SD)
Inattentive symptoms	18.7 (5.0)	19.1 (4.9)	18.5 (5.1)	0.27
Hyperactive-impulsive symptoms	10.5 (5.8)	9.6 (5.2)	11.3 (6.2)	0.01
Total ADHD symptoms	29.2 (9.4)	28.6 (8.7)	29.7 (10.0)	0.27
Family history^a, n (%)
Present	160 (47.8)	77 (49.4)	83 (46.4)	0.66
ADHD	136 (40.6)	61 (39.1)	75 (41.9)	0.66
ASD	14 (4.2)	8 (5.1)	6 (3.4)	0.43
Other	16 (4.8)	11 (7.1)	5 (2.8)	0.08
Consultation history, n (%)
Previously consulted	220 (65.7)	109 (69.9)	111 (62.0)	0.14
Previous diagnosis, n (%)
ADHD	104 (31.0)	48 (30.8)	56 (31.3)	> 0.99
Depression	56 (16.7)	31 (19.9)	25 (14.0)	0.19
Anxiety disorder	29 (8.7)	18 (11.5)	11 (6.1)	0.12
ASD	18 (5.4)	6 (3.8)	12 (6.7)	0.33
Bipolar disorder	21 (6.3)	15 (9.6)	6 (3.4)	0.02
Schizophrenia	12 (3.6)	8 (5.1)	4 (2.2)	0.24
Illicit drug use	6 (1.8)	2 (1.3)	4 (2.2)	0.69
Alcohol abuse	4 (1.2)	1 (0.6)	3 (1.7)	0.63
Other	20 (6.0)	11 (7.1)	9 (5.0)	0.49
Current psychiatric comorbidity, n (%)
Present	62 (18.5)	38 (24.4)	24 (13.4)	0.01
Depression	13 (3.9)	8 (5.1)	5 (2.8)	0.4
Bipolar disorder	12 (3.6)	8 (5.1)	4 (2.2)	0.24
ASD	9 (2.7)	3 (1.9)	6 (3.4)	0.51
Anxiety disorder	9 (2.7)	6 (3.8)	3 (1.7)	0.31
Alcohol abuse	4 (1.2)	1 (0.6)	3 (1.7)	0.63
Illicit drug use	6 (1.8)	2 (1.3)	4 (2.2)	0.69
Schizophrenia	1 (0.3)	1 (0.6)	0 (0)	0.47
Other	18 (5.4)	12 (7.7)	6 (3.4)	0.09
Pharmacotherapy, n (%)
Taking any psychoactive medication	110 (32.8)	56 (35.9)	54 (30.2)	0.3
ADHD medications	52 (15.5)	22 (14.1)	30 (16.8)	0.55
Hypnotics	46 (13.7)	24 (15.4)	22 (12.3)	0.43
Antidepressants	35 (10.4)	22 (14.1)	13 (7.3)	0.05
Major tranquilizers	33 (9.9)	17 (10.9)	16 (8.9)	0.59
Antianxiety	32 (9.6)	19 (12.2)	13 (7.3)	0.14
Mood stabilizers	27 (8.1)	18 (11.5)	9 (5.0)	0.04
Other	9 (2.7)	6 (3.8)	3 (1.7)	0.31

Notes: Statistically significant p-values are in bold; ^aIncludes duplication.

Abbreviations: ASD, autism spectrum disorders; SD, standard deviation; ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Table 2 Logistic Regression Analyses of Employment Status, Marital status, And Comorbidity

Variable	Employment Status (Full-Time)^a		Marital Status (Divorced)		Comorbidity
	Risk of Being Out of Full-Time Work		Risk of Being Divorced		Risk of Having Comorbidity
	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
Age	1.06 (1.04–1.09)**	1.07 (1.04–1.10)**	1.09 (1.03–1.15)**	1.09 (1.03–1.16)**	0.98 (0.95–1.01)	0.98 (0.94–1.01)
Gender	2.41 (1.54–3.75)**	2.99 (1.79–4.98)**	4.89 (1.35–17.66)*	5.79 (1.17–28.58)*	2.08 (1.18–3.66)*	2.81 (1.51–5.25)**
Years of education	1.27 (1.11–1.44)**	1.22 (1.06–1.40)**	0.67 (0.51–0.87)**	0.67 (0.48–0.92)*	1.03 (0.88–1.20)	1.05 (0.89–1.25)
Employment status (full-time)	Not in equation	Not in equation	0.59 (0.20–1.76)	0.74 (0.21–2.65)	0.84 (0.48–1.47)	1.16 (0.61–2.18)
Marital status (divorced)	0.59 (0.20–1.76)	0.60 (0.17–2.08)	Not in equation	Not in equation	0.67 (0.15–3.03)	0.79 (0.16–3.92)
Comorbidity	0.84 (0.48–1.47)	1.15 (0.61–2.15)	0.67 (0.15–3.03)	0.71 (0.13–3.81)	Not in equation	Not in equation
CAARS inattention	0.98 (0.94–1.03)	1.03 (0.97–1.10)	1.15 (1.01–1.31)	1.11 (0.94–1.33)	0.93 (0.88–0.98)**	0.89 (0.83–0.95)**
CAARS hyperactivity-impulsivity	0.97 (0.94–1.01)	0.95 (0.91–1.00)	1.07 (0.98–1.16)	1.05 (0.93–1.19)	1.00 (0.95–1.05)	1.07 (1.01–1.14)*

Notes: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. ^aFemale = 0, male = 1.