Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Associated Factors Among Drivers Surviving Road Traffic Crashes in Southwest Ethiopia

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart of selection process of drivers surviving road traffic crashes in southwest Ethiopia, 2019 (n=398).

Table 1 Sociodemographic and Economic Characteristics of Drivers Surviving Road Traffic Crashes in Southwest Ethiopia, 2019 (n=398)

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percentage
Age (years)	20–30	119	30.0
	31–40	96	24.1
	41–50	110	27.6
	51–60	73	18.3
Marital status	Married	214	53.8
	Single	174	43.7
	Widowed/divorced	10	2.5
Education	Primary school	218	54.8
	High school graduate	154	38.7
	Higher institution	26	6.5
Driving experience (years)	1–5	219	55.0
	5–10	112	28.1
	11–15	35	8.8
	16–20	16	4.0
	21–25	16	4.0
Average monthly income (ETB)	2,000–3,000	238	59.8
	3,001–4,000	77	19.3
	4,001–5,000	53	13.3
	5,001–6,000	30	7.6
Work schedule	Day shift	262	65.8
	Night shift	23	5.5
	Irregular	114	28.6

Note: US$1=ETB29.

Table 2 Accident-related and Clinical Factors Among Drivers Surviving Road Traffic Crashes (RTCs) in Southwest Ethiopia, 2019 (n=398)

Characteristics	Categories	Frequency	Percentage
Hospitalized after accident	Yes	267	67
	No	131	33
Witnessed the death of someone due to accident	Yes	98	24.6
	No	300	75.4
Duration since accident (in months)	1–3	255	65.6
	>3	134	34.4
History of actual RTCs	Yes	87	21.8
	No	311	78.2
History of near-miss RTCs	Yes	121	30.4
	No	277	69.6
Depression	Yes	104	26.1
	No	294	73.9
History of mental illness	Yes	32	8.0
	No	366	91.9
Family history of mental illness	Yes	21	5.3%
	No	377	94.7
Chronic physical illness (hypertension/diabetes mellitus)	Yes	43	10.8
	No	355	89.1

Note: Near-miss RTCs = events or crashes that did not result in physical injury or property damage.

Table 3 Substance-use Risk Among Drivers Surviving Road Traffic Crash in Southwest Ethiopia, 2019 (n=398)

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percentage
Alcohol use	No/mild	180	45.2
	Moderate	124	31.2
	Severe	94	23.6
Khat use	No/mild	76	19.0
	Moderate	191	48.0
	Severe	131	33.0
Tobacco use	No/mild	186	46.7
	Moderate	115	28.9
	Severe	97	24.4
Cannabis use	No/mild	299	75.1
	Moderate	68	17.1
	Severe	31	7.8

Figure 2 Prevalence of posttraumatic stress–disorder symptoms using Trauma Screening Questionnaire among drivers surviving road traffic crash in southwest Ethiopia, 2019 (n=398).

Table 4 Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Among Drivers Surviving Road Traffic Crashes (RTCs) in Southwest Ethiopia, 2019 (n=398)

Variables		PTSD		COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)	P-value
		Yes	No
Witnessed death during accident	Yes	32	186	4.49 (1.49, 7.50)	3.31 (0.96, 5.66)	0.130
	No	9	145	1	1
Duration since accident (months)	1-3	35	220	2.05 (1.04, 3.05)	2.19 (0.93, 3.46)	0.078
	>3	15	119	1	1
Record of actual RTCs	Yes	13	74	4.85 (2.05, 7.65)	2.83 (0.78, 4.88)	0.072
	No	37	290	1	1
Record of near-miss RTCs	Yes	36	85	4.00 (1.65, 6.36)	3.49 (1.89, 6.43)	0.034*
	No	14	263	1	1
Depression	Yes	37	67	6.01 (2.82, 9.21)	3.32 (1.36, 5.12)	0.031*
	No	13	284	1	1
History of mental illness	Yes	20	12	2.18 (0.90, 5.23)	2.43 (0.51, 4.35)	0.757
	No	30	336	1	1
Chronic physical illness	Yes	11	32	3.36 (1.76, 4.97)	2.98 (0.95, 5.01)	0.810
	No	39	328	1	1
Alcohol-use risk	Mild/none	11	169	1	1
	Moderate	15	109	1.39 (0.38, 5.08)	0.39 (0.38, 4.08)	0.062
	Severe	24	107	2.80 (1.50, 5.22)	0.78 (0.33, 1.82)	0.570
Tobacco-use risk	Mild/none	15	171	3.49 (1.89, 6.43)	1.55 (0.69, 3.49)	0.291
	Moderate	17	98	3.34 (1.49, 7.50)	0.72 (0.11, 5.66)	0.064
	Severe	18	79	2.18 (0.90, 5.23)	1.49 (0.51, 4.357)	0.141
Khat-use risk	Mild/none	10	66	1	1
	Moderate	15	176	0.78 (1.03–3.05)	1.80 (0.93, 3.46)	0.078
	Severe	25	106	6.36 (2.85,14.16)	5.60 (0.96, 9.18)	0.054
Cannabis-use risk	Mild/none	18	281	1	1
	Moderate	16	52	3.49 (1.89, 6.43)	1.55 (0.69, 3.49)	0.291
	Severe	16	15	5.10 (2.82, 9.21)	2.51 (1.96, 7.52)	0.03*

Notes: 1 = constant; *p<0.05.