The Role of Resilience and Gender in Relation to Infectious-Disease-Specific Health Literacy and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Figures & data

Figure 1 Conceptual framework.

Table 1 Descriptive Characteristics of the Sample and Their Relationships with the Main Variables

	Number (%) or Mean (SD)	Resilience	Anxiety
Age	34.9±13.16	3.4±0.56***	6.3±5.03***
Region
Urban	524 (50.5)	3.4±0.56**	6.3±4.91
Rural	514 (49.5)	3.3±0.55	6.3±5.15
Gender
Male	434 (41.8)	3.4±0.57**	6.2±5.40
Female	604 (58.2)	3.3±0.54	6.3±4.75
Education level
Primary school or lower	62 (6.0)	3.3±0.57	7.5±6.32***
Middle school	338 (32.6)	3.4±0.54	7.1±5.54
High school	230 (22.2)	3.3±0.61	5.9±4.67
Technical school or college	206 (19.8)	3.4±0.54	5.8±4.77
Undergraduate or higher	202 (19.5)	3.4±0.56	5.3±4.02
Marital status
Married	396 (38.2)	3.3±0.58***	5.6±4.55***
Unmarried/divorced/widow	642 (61.8)	3.4±0.54	6.7±5.26
Employment
Employed, with a stable job	430 (41.4)	3.4±0.55***	6.3±5.02***
Unemployed	308 (29.7)	3.4±0.54	7.1±5.48
Student	249 (24.0)	3.2±0.59	5.1±3.86
Retired	51 (4.9)	3.4±0.52	6.9±6.23
Monthly income (yuan)
None	360 (34.7)	3.3±0.57**	5.9±4.51**
0−1000	35 (3.4)	3.3±0.48	7.5±5.89
1001−2000	113 (10.9)	3.4±0.54	7.8±5.31
2001−3000	155 (14.9)	3.4±0.54	5.8±4.87
3001−4000	137 (13.2)	3.4±0.60	6.4±5.24
4000 or above	238 (22.9)	3.4±0.53	6.3±5.35
Has a friend or family who has been infected with COVID-19
Yes	20 (1.9)	3.5±0.42	8.0±4.39
No	989 (95.3)	3.4±0.56	6.3±5.06
Have no idea	29 (2.8)	3.2±0.56	5.6±4.15
Has people in your community infected with COVID-19
Yes	256 (24.7)	3.4±0.58	6.4±5.01
No	669 (64.5)	3.4±0.55	6.2±5.13
I suppose yes	36 (3.5)	3.2±0.57	7.8±5.04
Have no idea	77 (7.4)	3.3±0.52	6.0±4.13
Sources of information about COVID-19
Television
No	310 (29.9)	3.3±0.53*	6.6±4.83
Yes	728 (70.1)	3.4±0.57	6.2±5.12
WeChat
No	393 (37.9)	3.3±0.59	6.5±5.24
Yes	645 (62.1)	3.4±0.54	6.2±5.03
News webpage
No	221 (21.3)	3.4±0.53	6.7±5.32
Yes	817 (78.7)	3.4±0.56	6.2±4.95
Weibo
No	610 (58.8)	3.4±0.54	6.6±5.16*
Yes	428 (41.2)	3.4±0.59	5.9±4.82
Relatives or friends
No	630 (60.7)	3.4±0.55	6.4±5.19
Yes	408 (39.3)	3.3±0.57	6.1±4.79
Possibility of self-infection with COVID-19
Very impossible	310 (29.9)	3.5±0.62***	5.9±5.53***
Impossible	479 (46.1)	3.4±0.52	6.0±4.77
Even	173 (16.7)	3.2±0.52	6.7±4.20
Possible	60 (5.8)	3.2±0.58	8.4±5.38
Very possible	16 (1.5)	3.3±0.55	10.4±6.02
How serious if you are infected with COVID-19
Very mild	46 (4.4)	3.4±0.55*	4.0±5.26***
Mild	69 (6.6)	3.5±0.49	4.4±3.90
Even	130 (12.5)	3.4±0.56	5.6±4.48
Severe	360 (34.7)	3.3±0.57	6.1±4.36
Very severe	433 (41.7)	3.4±0.56	7.2±5.61
Will you be afraid of being quarantined if you are infected with COVID-19?
Totally not afraid	134 (12.9)	3.7±0.66***	4.3±5.24***
Not afraid	259 (25.0)	3.4±0.52	5.1±3.91
Even	112 (10.8)	3.3±0.49	5.7±4.63
Afraid	387 (37.3)	3.3±0.49	6.5±4.33
Very afraid	146 (14.1)	3.2±0.60	10.0±6.48
Possibility of a family member being infected with COVID-19
Very impossible	290 (27.9)	3.4±0.60***	5.9±5.70***
Impossible	474 (45.7)	3.4±0.53	5.8±4.56
Even	181 (17.4)	3.2±0.51	6.8±4.67
Possible	78 (7.5)	3.2±0.56	9.2±5.31
Very possible	15 (1.4)	3.5±0.66	7.3±5.52

Notes: * < 0.05; ** < 0.01; *** < 0.001.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Relationships Between Infectious-Disease-Specific Health Literacy, Resilience, and Anxiety

Variables	1	2	3
1. Infectious-disease-specific health literacy	1
2. Resilience	7.463**^a	1
3. Anxiety	7.433**^a	0.329***^b	1

Notes: ^aValue of F in the analysis of variance; ^bValue of r in the Pearson correlation test; ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001.

Figure 2 Mediation model.

Notes: (A) Unadjusted model. (B) Adjusted model controlled for significant sociodemographic variables. (C) Adjusted model controlled for both significant sociodemographic variables and the four items for the perceived risk of acquiring COVID-19. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Abbreviation: IDSHL, infectious-disease-specific health literacy.

Figure 3 Moderated mediation model.

Notes: (A) Unadjusted model. (B) Adjusted model controlled for significant sociodemographic variables. (C) Adjusted model controlled for both significant sociodemographic variables and the four items for the perceived risk of acquiring COVID-19. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Abbreviation: IDSHL, infectious-disease-specific health literacy.

Figure 4 Visualized moderation effect of gender.

Notes: (A) Unadjusted model. (B) Adjusted model controlled for significant sociodemographic variables. (C) Adjusted model controlled for both significant sociodemographic variables and the four items for the perceived risk of acquiring COVID-19.