Longitudinal course of deficient emotional self-regulation CBCL profile in youth with ADHD: prospective controlled study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Participant flow chart.

Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; CBCL-AAA, Anxiety/Depression, Aggression, and Attention subscales of the Child Behavior Checklist; DESR, deficient emotional self-regulation.

Table 1 Demographics, mean standard deviation or n (%)

	Mean ± SD			Test statistic	P-value
	Controls n = 204	ADHD n = 98	ADHD + DESR n = 79
Age at baseline, years	11.8 ± 3.3	11.2 ± 3.2	10.6 ± 3.0*	F(2,378) = 4.25	P = 0.02
Age at follow-up, years	16.3 ± 3.5	15.6 ± 3.5	15.1 ± 3.3*	F(2,378) = 3.81	P = 0.02
Socioeconomic status	1.6 ± 0.7	1.8 ± 1.0	1.8 ± 0.9	χ^2 (2) = 3.69	P = 0.16
	n (%)
Gender (male)	105 (51)	57 (58)	43 (54)	χ^2 (2) = 1.21	P = 0.55
Race/ethnicity				Fisher’s exact	P = 0.57
African American	7 (3)	1 (1)	1 (1)
Asian American	3 (1)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Caucasian	191 (94)	97 (99)	77 (97)
Latino	3 (1)	0 (0)	1 (1)
Intact family	169 (83)	71 (72)	62 (78)	χ^2 (2) = 4.39	P = 0.11

Notes:

* P ≤ 0.01 versus controls.

Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; DESR, deficient emotional self-regulation.

Figure 2 One-year prevalence rates of disorders at baseline and follow-up by DESR status. (A) bipolar disorder, (B) major depressive disorder, (C) multiple (≥2) anxiety disorders, (D) oppositional defiant disorder, (E) conduct/antisocial personality disorder, and (F) psychoactive substance use disorder.

Notes: A: P < 0.05 vs controls, B: P < 0.05 vs ADHD.
Abbreviation: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; DESR, deficient emotional self-regulation.

Figure 3 CBCL scales not used in deficient emotional self-regulation definition. (A) Baseline CBCL and (B) follow-up CBCL.

Notes: A: P < 0.05 vs controls, B: P < 0.05 vs ADHD.
Abbreviation: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CBCL, Child Behavior Checklist; DESR, deficient emotional self-regulation.

Figure 4 Psychosocial functioning by deficient emotional self-regulation. (A) Global Assessment of Functioning and (B) Social Adjustment Inventory for Children and Adolescents.

Notes: A: P < 0.001 vs controls, B: P < 0.001 vs ADHD.
Abbreviation: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; DESR, deficient emotional self-regulation.

Figure 5 Current (last month) Family Environment Scale. (A) Expression, (B) conflict, and (C) cohesion.

Notes: A: P < 0.001 vs controls, B: P < 0.001 vs ADHD.
Abbreviation: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; DESR, deficient emotional self-regulation; FES, Family Environment Scale.