Cortical mapping with navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation in low-grade glioma surgery

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the patients and distances between mappings by navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation and direct electrical cortical stimulation

Patient	Age/sex	MT (%)		DES threshold (mA)	Initial symptom	Distance nTMS/DES (mm)	Histology	Resection	TMS complications	DES complications
		Affected	Normal
1	20/M	44	40	5.0	Seizure	5.1	Astrocytoma	Total	No	No
2	33/F	62	53	6.3	Headache	3.68	Oligoastrocytoma	Subtotal	No	No
3	36/M	61	56	6.4	Seizure	2.56	Astrocytoma	Total	No	Seizure
4	29/M	62	59	8.0	Seizure	4.52	Oligoastrocytoma	Biopsy	No	No
5	63/M	87	59	6.3	Seizure	5.27	Oligoastrocytoma	Biopsy	No	Seizure
6	59/M	62	62	4.9	Seizure	3.98	Astrocytoma	Subtotal	Headache	No

Abbreviations: DES, direct electrical cortical stimulation; mA, milliamperes; mm, millimeters; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MT, motor threshold; TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Figure 1 (A) Mapping with DES after craniotomy with a bipolar-stimulation-system-like neuronavigation tool. (B) Neuronavigation system image corresponding to this point in DES mapping in a three-dimensional, axial, sagittal, and coronal slice.

Abbreviation: DES, direct electrical cortical stimulation.

Figure 2 Three-dimensional MRI used in neuronavigation system. Yellow octahedrons are points with motor response recorded in the TMS mapping. Red circles are the points with the motor response in DES mapping.

Note: The mean distance between the two mappings found was 4.16 mm.
Abbreviations: DES, direct electrical cortical stimulation; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; TMS, transcranial magnetic stimulation.