Associations Between Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Internet Gaming Disorder Symptoms Mediated by Depressive Symptoms and Hopelessness Among College Students

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographics and Clinical Characteristics of the Sample

		N	%
Gender
Male		492	39.8
Female		744	60.2
Ethnic
Han		1136	91.9
Others		100	8.1
Perceived Family Economic Level
Low		46	3.7
Middle		581	47.0
High		609	49.3
Family History of Mental Disorder
Yes		90	7.3
No		1146	92.7
Paternal Education
Under the high school		687	55.6
High school		308	24.9
University and above		241	19.5
Maternal Education
Under the high school		807	65.3
High school		232	18.8
University and above		197	15.9
ASRS-5 with Positive Score
Yes		148	12.0
No		1088	88.0
IGDS-9 with Positive Score
Yes		61	4.9
No		1175	95.1
QIDS-SR
No depression		809	65.5
Mild depression		353	28.6
Moderate depression		72	5.8
Severe depression		2	0.2
Very severe depression		0	0
BHS
Normal range		450	36.4
Mild hopelessness		629	50.9
Moderate hopelessness		154	12.5
Severe hopelessness		3	0.2

Table 2 Correlations Between ADHD, Hopelessness, Depressive and IGD Symptoms

		1	2	3
1	IGDS-9 total score	1.000
2	ASRS-5 total score	0.227***	1.000
3	BHS total score	0.226***	0.279***	1.000
4	QIDS-SR total score	0.265***	0.369***	0.414***

Note: *** p<0.001.

Figure 1 The effect of ADHD symptoms on IGD symptoms through hopelessness and depressive symptoms.

Notes: Unstandardized coefficient-beta (standardized coefficient-β), ***p<0.001.

Table 3 Mediation Results for ADHD, Hopelessness, Depressive and IGD Symptoms

	Path	Effect	SE	95% CI		Effect Ratio
				Low	UP
Total effect		0.075	0.009	0.057	0.093	100.0%
Direct effect		0.037	0.010	0.018	0.056	49.3%
Total indirect effect		0.038	0.005	0.029	0.050	50.7%
Indirect effect 1	ASRS→BHS→IGD	0.016	0.004	0.009	0.023	21.3%
Indirect effect 2	ASRS→QIDS→IGD	0.017	0.004	0.010	0.024	22.7%
Indirect effect 3	ASRS→BHS→QIDS→IGD	0.006	0.002	0.004	0.009	8.0%