Severity of Depressive Symptoms is Associated with Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients with a Major Depressive Episode

Figures & data

Figure 1 Scatter plot of the severity of depressive symptoms and duration of the current depressive episode among inpatients with depression with or without VTE.

Note: VTE-positive is indicated by a red circle and VTE-negative by a blue circle.

Abbreviations: HAM-D17, 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; VTE, venous thromboembolism.

Table 1 Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of VTE-Positive and VTE-Negative Patients

Characteristics	VTE-Positive (n = 14)	VTE-Negative (n = 119)	p
Demographics
Age (years)	69 (60–79)	62 (46–75)	0.09^a
Women	9	82	0.77^b
BMI (kg/m^2)	20.15 (18.15–24.05)	21.5 (19.5–24.6)	0.26^a
Non-psychiatric risk factors for VTE
Trauma	1	1	0.20^b
Malignancy	3	7	0.07 ^b
Hypertension	4	37	1^b
Hyperlipidemia	0	19	0.22^b
Diabetes mellitus	0	17	0.21^b
Psychiatric risk factors for VTE
Bipolar depression	3	22	0.73^b
Catatonia	1	0	0.11^b
Use of antidepressants	9	90	0.35^b
Use of antipsychotics	8	36	0.07^b
Other factors associated with VTE
History of VTE	1	4	0.43^b
Use of anticoagulants	1	10	1^b
D-dimer (μg/mL)	5.50 (2.83–7.96)	0.62 (0.51–0.87)	<0.001^a,*
Suspected psychiatric risk factors for VTE
Duration (weeks)	13.50 (9.00–27.25)	12 (6–24)	0.34^a
HAM-D17	24.00 (19.50–34.25)	19.00 (16–23)	0.003^a,*

Notes: Values are presented as numbers or medians (25%–75% percentile); duration, duration of the current depressive episode. ^aMann–Whitney U-test; ^bFisher’s exact test; *Significant p-values (p < 0.05).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HAM-D17, 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; VTE, venous thromboembolism.

Table 2 Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with VTE

Variables	B (SE)	Wald	Odds Ratio	95% CI	p-value
Age	0.044 (0.031)	1.977	1.045	0.983 to 1.111	0.160
Sex	−0.257 (0.781)	0.109	0.773	0.167 to 3.571	0.742
BMI	−0.025 (0.094)	0.074	0.975	0.812 to 1.171	0.785
Trauma	2.799 (1.797)	2.427	16.432	0.485 to 556.138	0.119
Malignancy	1.267 (1.023)	1.534	3.550	0.478 to 26.348	0.215
Hypertension	0.278 (0.869)	0.102	1.320	0.241 to 7.244	0.749
Bipolar depression	−0.032 (1.187)	0.001	0.969	0.095 to 9.926	0.979
Antidepressants	−0.474 (0.875)	0.294	0.622	0.112 to 3.457	0.588
Antipsychotics	1.656 (0.886)	3.492	5.237	0.922 to 29.739	0.062
History of VTE	1.008 (1.432)	0.495	2.741	0.165 to 45.410	0.482
Anticoagulants	0.213 (1.418)	0.023	1.238	0.077 to 19.926	0.880
Duration	−0.002 (0.011)	0.024	0.998	0.977 to 1.020	0.878
HAM-D17	0.199 (0.062)	10.316	1.220	1.081 to 1.377	0.001*

Note: *Significant p-value (p < 0.05).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HAM-D17, 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; SE, standard error; VTE, venous thromboembolism.