The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy in Sleep Disorder and Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese Caregivers of Stroke Inpatients: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of Stroke Inpatients and Caregivers

Variables	n	%	Depressive Symptoms				Variables	n	%	Depressive Symptoms
			M	SD	F/t	P				M	SD	F/t	P
Block 1 Demographic Characteristics of Stroke Inpatients							Block 2 Demographic Characteristics of Caregivers
Age					0.106	0.113	Age					0.123	0.025
≤60	142	46.6	6.80	5.45			≤55	178	58.4	5.71	5.24
>60	163	53.4	5.83	5.18			>55	127	41.6	7.09	5.34
Gender					0.000	0.127	Gender					1.981	0.001
Male	216	70.8	6.58	5.30			Male	105	34.4	4.93	4.82
Female	89	29.2	5.56	5.32			Female	200	65.6	7.00	5.44
Education level					2.099	0.421	Education level					1.602	0.349
High school or below	249	81.6	6.40	5.39			High school or below	254	83.3	6.41	5.43
Bachelor degree or above	56	18.4	5.77	5.01			Bachelor degree or above	51	16.7	5.65	4.73
Monthly income (RMB)					0.149	0.861	Monthly income (RMB)					1.903	0.151
≤3000	86	28.2	6.35	5.51			≤3000	102	33.4	5.62	4.98
3001–6000	165	54.1	6.37	5.32			3001–6000	165	54.1	6.83	5.55
>6000	54	17.7	5.93	5.09			>6000	38	12.5	5.71	5.03
							Other chronic comorbidity					0.245	0.291
							Yes	89	29.2	6.79	5.37
							No	216	70.8	6.07	5.30
							Relationship with the inpatients					12.587	0.000
							Spouse	128	42.0	7.73	5.48
							Parents or children	106	34.8	6.10	5.35
							Other	71	23.3	3.94	4.00
							Sleep duration per day(h)					4.256	0.000
							≤6	230	75.4	6.91	5.52
							>6	75	24.6	4.36	4.13

Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard deviation; P, P-value.

Table 2 The Correlation Among Depressive Symptoms, Sleep Disorder and Self-Efficacy

Variables	Mean	SD	1	2	3
1. Depressive symptoms	6.29	5.32	1
2. Sleep disorder	21.01	8.00	0.464^b	1
3. Self-efficacy	2.71	0.48	−0.267^b	−0.206^b	1

Note: ^bP<0.01.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 3 The Hierarchical Linear Regression Analysis of Depressive Symptoms

	Depressive Symptoms
	Model (Beta)	Model 2 (Beta)	Model 3 (Beta)	Model 4 (Beta)
Block 1 Demographic Characteristics of Caregivers
Age	−0.028	0.002	0.008	0.004
Gender	0.144^a	0.148^b	0.100	0.084
Education level	−0.086	−0.071	−0.085	−0.087
Monthly income (RMB)
3001–6000 VS ≤3000	0.089	0.082	0.097	0.112
>6000 VS ≤3000	0.218^b	0.237^b	0.211^b	0.232^b
Other chronic comorbidity	−0.002	−0.010	0.039	0.041
Relationship with the inpatients
Parents or children VS Spouse	−0.333^b	−0.310^b	−0.272^b	−0.277^b
Other VS Spouse	−0.110	−0.102	−0.054	−0.048
Sleep duration per day	−0.193^b	−0.190^b	−0.019	−0.022
Block 2 Demographic Characteristics of Stroke Inpatients
Age		−0.102	−0.055	−0.037
Gender		−0.021	−0.017	−0.027
Education level		−0.016	0.009	0.025
Monthly income (RMB)
3001–6000 VS ≤3000		0.020	0.021	0.024
>6000 VS ≤3000		−0.054	−0.032	−0.041
Block 3 Sleep Disorder			0.453^b	0.416^b
Block 4 Self-efficacy				−0.190^b
R^2	0.173	0.186	0.349	0.382
ΔR^2	0.173	0.013	0.163	0.033

Notes: ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Figure 1 Structural equation model of sleep disorder and depressive symptoms.

Note: ^bP < 0.01.

Figure 2 Structural equation model of mediating role of self-efficacy in sleep disorder and depressive symptoms.

Notes: ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01.