An Exploration of Smoking Patterns Among People with Serious Mental Illness Attending an Outpatient Clinic in Qatar

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Study Sample

Characteristics	Smoking Status (n=196)	Currently Smoking (n=72)	Not Currently Smoking (n=124)	p-value^†
Age, years, mean± SD	41.10 ± 11.90	40.54 ± 10.48	41.73 ± 12.65	0.534
Age groups, years, n (%)
15–34	66	26 (39.4)	40 (60.6)	0.264
35–54	97	38 (39.2)	59 (60.8)
55+	33	8 (24.2)	25 (75.8)
Gender, n (%)
Female	107	16 (15)	91 (85)	<0.001
Male	89	56 (62.9)	33 (37.1)
Nationality, n (%)
Qatari	81	26 (32.1)	55 (67.9)	0.259
Non-Qatari	115	46 (40)	69 (60)
Psychiatric diagnosis, n (%)
MDD	101	33 (32.7)	68 (67.3)	0.239
Psychotic disorder^a	60	31 (51.7)	29 (48.3)	0.006
BPD	42	11 (26.2)	31 (73.8)	0.110
Psychotic disorder and MDD	4	3 (75)	1 (25)	0.141
Psychotic disorder and BPD	2	0 (0)	2 (100)	0.533
Medical comorbidities, n (%)
Diabetes mellitus	38	11 (28.9)	27 (71.1)	0.349
Hypertension	24	4 (16.7)	20 (83.3)	0.040
Thyroid abnormality	15	2 (13.3)	13 (86.7)	0.090
Hyperlipidemia	28	8 (28.6)	20 (71.4)	0.404
Coronary artery disease	6	2 (33.3)	4 (66.7)	1
Other medical comorbidities	38	10 (26.3)	28 (73.7)	0.189
No. of comorbidities
0	119	51 (42.9)	68 (57.1)	0.051
1	44	13 (29.5)	31 (70.5)
≥ 2	32	7 (21.9)	25 (78.1)
Psychiatric medications, n (%)
Antidepressants	128	47 (36.7)	81 (63.3)	1
Antipsychotics	119	49 (41.2)	70 (58.8)	0.130
Mood stabilizers	31	9 (29)	22 (71)	0.418
Other psychiatric agents	40	13 (32.5)	27 (67.5)	0.585
Non-psychiatric medications, n (%)
Hypoglycemics	33	8 (24.2)	25 (75.8)	0.117
Anti-hypertensives	29	6 (20.7)	23 (79.3)	0.062
Anti-lipidemic	28	7 (25)	21 (75)	0.207
Thyroid agents	10	1 (10)	9 (90)	0.097
Other non-psychiatric agents	40	17 (42.5)	23 (57.5)	1
Clinical/paraclinical factors
BMI^b, kg/m^2, mean ± SD	32.10 ± 6.44	29.52 ± 6.44	31.88 ± 6.88	0.019
SBP^c, mmHg, mean ± SD	127.51 ± 18.64	130.20 ± 14.51	125.96 ± 20.63	0.157
HDL^d, mmol/L, mean ± SD	1.20 ± 0.35	1.11 ± 0.31	1.27 ± 0.36	0.001
Total cholesterol^d, mmol/L, mean ± SD	4.98 ± 1.10	5.26 ± 1.22	4.81 ± 1.00	0.006

Notes: ^†P-value calculated using Pearson’s Chi-square test or Student’s t-test. ^aIncluding schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. ^bMissing weight data for 16 patients. ^cMissing SBP data for 2 patients. ^dMissing HDL/Total cholesterol data for 32 patients.

Abbreviations: MDD, major depressive disorder; BPD, Bipolar disorder; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; HDL, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 1 Smoking status in a sample of people with SMI (n=346) attending psychiatric services in Qatar.

Abbreviations: Total, Individuals in the study sample; CS, Current smokers; SS, Smoking status; SMI, Serious mental illness; PD, Psychotic disorders; MDD, Major depressive disorder; BPD, Bipolar disorder.

Figure 2 Forest plot for univariate analysis of the factors associated with current smoking in the SMI sample.

Abbreviations: OR, Odds ratio; MDD, Major depressive disorder; BMI, Body mass index; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; HDL, High density lipoprotein cholesterol.