Path Analysis of Self-Efficacy, Coping Style and Resilience on Depression in Patients with Recurrent Schizophrenia

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics and Disease Investigation of Patients with Recurrent Schizophrenia (N=210)

Variables	Patients(n=210)	χ^2/t Value	P Value
Year	29.92±15.22	1.062	0.295
Course of disease		0.389	0.702
0–3	84(40.0)
4–10	84(40.0)
>10	42(20.0)
Total number of hospitalizations		0.276	0.786
2–4	189(90.0)
≥5	21(10.0)
Age of onset
≤18	77(36.7)	0.726	0.477
≥18	133(63.3)
Sex		0.106	0.744
Male	121(57.8)
Female	89(42.2)
Having spouse		0.487	0.485
Yes	55(26.3)
No	155(73.6)
Educational level		0.958	0.328
High school or below	111(52.7)
Above high school	99(47.3)
Whether unemployed		0.106	0.744
Yes	87(42.2)
No	123(57.8)
Residence		1.810	0.405
City	21(73.7)
Countryside	8 (26.3)
Complications occurred		2.661	0.103
Yes	121 (57.8)
No	89 (42.2)

Table 2 The Resilience Levels of Depression in Different Groups (P<0.01)

Variables	Sample Size (N)	Resilience ()	Mean 95% Confidence Interval (CI)
			Lower	Upper
No depression	102	64.19±15.90	59.57	68.80
Mild depression	62	55.66±15.02	49.94	61.37
Moderate depression	30	52.71±17.27	42.74	62.69
Severe depression	16	36.71±14.49	23.31	50.11
Total	210	58.06±17.26	54.60	61.52

Table 3 Correlation Analysis of Depression, Coping Style, Self-Efficacy and Resilience in Patients with Recurrent Schizophrenia

Variables	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
1.Depression	50.48	12.55	1
2.Resilience	58.06	17.26	−0.469**	1
3.Optimism	8.98	3.22	−0.433**	0.770**	1
4.Toughness	30.14	10.18	−0.383**	0.962**	0.644**	1
5.Strength	18.94	5.52	−0.509**	0.904**	0.636**	0.789**	1
6.Self-efficacy	2.54	0.61	−0.270**	0.634**	0.430**	0.669**	0.497**	1
7.Coping style	31.73	9.62	−0.009	0.323**	0.243*	0.282**	0.346**	0.244*	1
8.Positive coping	21.09	7.14	−0.237*	0.443**	0.326**	0.412**	0.436**	0.358**	1.902**	1
9.Negative coping	10.65	4.43	0.364**	−0.014	0.002	−0.051	0.049	−0.048	1.718**	0.347**	1

Notes: *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 4 Multiple Regression Analysis of Resilience on Depression

Independent Variable	B	SE	β	t	P	R^2	Adjusted R^2
Resilience	−0.646	0.124	−0.469	−5.210	0.000	0.220	0.212

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; B, regression coefficient; β, standardized regression coefficient; R2, coefficient of determination.

Table 5 Multiple Stepwise Regression Analysis of Resilience, Self-Efficacy, and Positive and Negative Coping Styles on Depression

Layered	Independent Variable	B	SE	β	t	P	R^2	Adjusted R^2
First layer	Resilience	−0.444	0.116	−0.323	−3.834	0.000	0.220	0.212
Second layer	Self-efficacy	−13.775	2.189	−0.490	6.292	0.000	0.498	0.487
Third layer	Positive coping	−0.406	0.212	−0.168	1.912	0.042	0.532	0.517
Fourth layer	Negative coping	0.267	0.339	0.069	0.788	0.433	0.535	0.515

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; B, regression coefficient; β, standardized regression coefficient; R², coefficient of determination.

Figure 1 Measurement and Hypothesis Model.

Figure 2 The structural equation model of resilience, self-efficacy and positive coping style on depression.

Notes: **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

Table 6 The Path Analysis Results of Resilience, Self-Efficacy and Positive Coping Style on Depression

	Standardized Effect Value	Bootstrap 95% (CI%)		Relative Effect Value (%)
		Lower Limit	Superior Limit
Ind1:Resilience→Self-efficacy→Depression (a1*b1)	−0.179	−0.339	−0.038	29.64
Ind2:Resilience→Self-efficacy→Positive coping→Depression (a1*d1*b2)	−0.024	−0.072	−0.005
Direct: Resilience→Depression (c)	−0.401	−0.589	−0.216	3.97
Indirect total effect value (ind=ind1+ind2)	−0.203	−0.377	−0.048
Total effect value (total=ind+direct)	−0.604	−0.843	−0.345	66.39
Difference of mediating effect (diff=ind1-ind2)	−0.155	−0.312	−0.031	33.61