Albumin and Associated Biomarkers in Severe Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Acute-Phase Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of Sociodemographic and Laboratory Variables Among Schizophrenia, BD and Healthy Controls

Variables	SCZ (n=5577)	BD (n=4847)	HC (n=5000)	F/χ^2	P
Age (year)	38.90±12.26	39.28±12.84	38.90±10.03	1.799	0.165
Sex (male/female)	2695/2882	2454/2393	2482/2518	2.799	0.061
WBC	6.30±1.41^a*^b**	6.51±2.03^a**	6.20±1.53	46.41	0.000
Neutrophil	3.71±1.18^a**^b**	3.87±1.74^a**	3.61±1.18	46.66	0.000
Lymphocyte	2.00±0.58	2.02±0.66	2.02±0.53	1.05	0.349
Monocyte	0.44±0.14^a**^b**	0.47±0.18^a**	0.40±0.13	210.03	0.000
Platelet	237.53±51.58^a**	238.46±65.49^a**	256.03±57.43	169.14	0.000
Albumin	42.99±3.66^a**^b**	43.35±4.04^a**	46.23±2.61	1343.66	0.000
Creatinine	68.58±12.40^b**	69.99±13.17^a**	68.75±13.57	17.52	0.000
NPAR	1.36±0.24^a**^b*	1.35±0.26^a**	1.25±0.19	318.60	0.000
PAR	5.56±1.29	5.52±0.1.54	5.57±1.30	0.999	0.368
PNI	53.00±4.74^a**^b**	53.43±5.37^a**	56.30±3.84	768.43	0.000
CRA	1.60±0.28^a**^b*	1.62±0.31^a**	1.48±0.28	410.66	0.000

Notes: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.001. ^aCompared with the healthy controls group. ^bCompared with the bipolar disorder group.

Abbreviations: SCZ, schizophrenia; BD, bipolar disorder; HC, healthy control; WBC, white blood cell; NPAR, neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio; PNI, the prognostic nutritional index; CrA, creatinine–albumin ratio; PAR, platelet to albumin ratio.

Table 2 Comparison of Sociodemographic and Laboratory Variables Among BD-Depression, BD-Manic and Healthy Controls

Variables	BD-M (n=3442)	BD-D (n=1405)	HC (n=5000)	F/χ^2	P
Age (year)	39.21±12.71	39.48±13.15	38.90±10.03	1.68	0.67
Sex (male/female)	1751/1691	703/702	2482/2518	0.62	0.54
WBC	6.64±2.10^a**^b**	6.20±1.82	6.20±1.53	69.39	0.000
Neutrophil	3.96±1.79^a**^b**	3.66±1.61	3.61±1.18	60.46	0.000
Lymphocyte	2.03±0.67^b*	1.97±0.63	2.02±0.53	4.27	0.014
Monocyte	0.48±0.19^a**^b**	0.43±0.16^a**	0.40±0.13	245.267	0.000
Platelet	240.23±65.38^a**^b*	234.13±65.56^a**	256.03±57.43	104.92	0.000
Albumin	43.21±4.06^a**^b**	43.68±3.99^a**	46.23±2.61	750.85	0.000
Creatinine	69.46±13.12^b**	71.30±13.21^a**	68.75±13.57	30.58	0.000
NPAR	1.36±0.26^a**^b**	1.32±0.25^a**	1.25±0.19	218.79	0.00
PAR	5.58±1.56^b**	5.37±1.50^a**	5.57±1.30	12.66	0.00
PNI	53.38±5.43^a**	53.55±5.20^a**	56.30±3.84	476.46	0.00
CRA	1.61±0.31^a**^b*	1.64±0.30^a**	1.48±0.28	327.10	0.00

Notes: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.001. ^aCompared with the healthy controls group. ^bCompared with the Bipolar disorder group.

Abbreviations: BD-M, bipolar disorder in manic episode; BD-D, bipolar disorder in depressive episode; HC, healthy control; WBC, white blood cell; NPAR, neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio; PNI, the prognostic nutritional index; CRA, creatinine–albumin ratio; PAR, platelet to albumin ratio.

Table 3 Comparison of Sociodemographic and Laboratory Variables Among BD-D, BD-M and SCZ

Variables	BD-M (n=3442)	BD-D (n=1405)	SCZ (n=5577)	F/χ^2	P
Age (year)	39.21±12.71	39.48±13.15	38.90±12.26	1.473	0.229
Sex (male/female)	1751/1691	703/702	2695/2882	2.898	0.055
WBC	6.64±2.10^a**	6.20±1.82	6.30±1.41	51.56	0.000
Neutrophil	3.96±1.79^a**	3.66±1.61	3.71±1.18	36.38	0.000
Lymphocyte	2.03±0.67	1.97±0.63	2.00±0.58	4.744	0.009
Monocyte	0.48±0.19^a**	0.43±0.16	0.44±0.14	87.296	0.000
Platelet	240.23±65.38^a*	234.13±65.56	237.53±51.58	6.679	0.001
Albumin	43.21±4.06^a*	43.68±3.99^a**	42.99±3.66	21.21	0.000
Creatinine	69.46±13.12	71.30±13.21^a**	68.58±12.40	32.56	0.000
NPAR	1.36±0.26	1.32±0.25^a**	1.36±0.24	16.04	0.000
PAR	5.58±1.56	5.37±1.50^a**	5.56±1.29	12.60	0.000
PNI	53.38±5.43^a*	53.55±5.20^a**	53.00±4.74	11.41	0.000
CrA	1.61±0.31	1.64±0.30^a**	1.60±0.28	8.23	0.000

Notes: *P < 0.05; **P < 0.001. ^aCompared with the SCZ group.

Abbreviations: BD-M, bipolar disorder in manic episode; BD-D, bipolar disorder in depressive episode; SCZ, schizophrenia; WBC, white blood cell; NPAR, neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio; PNI, the prognostic nutritional index; CRA, creatinine–albumin ratio; PAR, platelet to albumin ratio.

Table 4 The Potential Predictive Values of Albumin-Based Markers in Logistic Regression Between the Control Group and the Acute Disease Status Group

	Age	Sex	PNI	CRA	NPAR	PAR
SCZ	−0.016	−0.120	−0.183	1.657	–	–
BD	−0.011	−0.235	–	–	0.370	–
BD-M	−0.013	−0.168	−0.122	1.669	0.596	–
BD-D	−0.009	−0.387	−0.148	2.031	–	−0.126

Abbreviations: BD-M, bipolar disorder in manic episode; BD-D, bipolar disorder in depressive episode; SCZ, schizophrenia; NPAR, neutrophil percentage-to-albumin ratio; PNI, the prognostic nutritional index; CRA, creatinine–albumin ratio; PAR, platelet to albumin ratio.

Figure 1 Risk factors of SCZ nomogram. (Code of sex, 1: male, 2: female) (To use the nomogram, an individual patient’s value is located on each variable axis, and a line is drawn upward to determine the number of points received for each variable value. The sum of these numbers is located on the Total Points axis, and a line is drawn downward to the Risk of SCZ axes to determine the SCZ risk).

Abbreviation: SCZ, schizophrenia.

Figure 2 Risk factors of BD nomogram. (Code of sex, 1: male, 2: female) (To use the nomogram, an individual patient’s value is located on each variable axis, and a line is drawn upward to determine the number of points received for each variable value. The sum of these numbers is located on the Total Points axis, and a line is drawn downward to the Risk of BD axes to determine the BD risk).

Abbreviation: BD, bipolar disorder.

Figure 3 Risk factors of BD-M nomogram. (Code of sex, 1: male, 2: female) (To use the nomogram, an individual patient’s value is located on each variable axis, and a line is drawn upward to determine the number of points received for each variable value. The sum of these numbers is located on the Total Points axis, and a line is drawn downward to the Risk of BD-M axes to determine the BD-M risk).

Abbreviation: BD-M, bipolar disorder manic episode.

Figure 4 Risk factors of BD-D nomogram. (Code of sex, 1: male, 2: female) (To use the nomogram, an individual patient’s value is located on each variable axis, and a line is drawn upward to determine the number of points received for each variable value. The sum of these numbers is located on the Total Points axis, and a line is drawn downward to the Risk of BD-D axes to determine the BD-D risk).

Abbreviation: BD-M, bipolar disorder manic episode.