Cognition in Euthymic Patients with Bipolar Disorder: Do Not Forget to Account for Anxiety!

Figures & data

Video Abstract

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Table 1 Demographics, Clinical Features and Cognitive Assessment of the Total Sample (n = 87)

Demographics
Sex	n	%
Men	16	18.4
Women	71	81.6
Current occupation
Non-remunerated activity	30	34.5
Remunerated activity	57	65.5
	M	SD
Years of schooling	14.4	3.2
Age	43.5	10.3
Clinical Characteristics
	n	%
Psychiatric hospitalizations – Yes	73	83.9
Comorbid GAD – Yes	39	45
	M	SD
Number of psychiatric hospitalizations	2.4	1.6
Age of illness onset – years	24.7	8.1
Residual depressive symptoms – HAMD	2.3	2.3
Residual manic symptoms – YMRS	0.9	1.4
Anxious symptoms – ISRA-B	24.5	16.5
Cognition
	M	SD
Cognitive complaints – COBRA	14.5	8.9
Digit span forward	7.4	2.0
Stroop test – Word	96.8	19.2
Stroop test – Color	62.5	13.7
Stroop tests – Interference Index	1.9	10.7

Note: No patient from our sample was diagnosed with comorbid PD.

Table 2 Association of Anxious Symptoms with Attention– Regression Models (n = 87)

First Regression Model	β coefficient	SE	95% C.I. β		p
			LL	UL
Age	−0.06	0.02	−0.11	−0.01	0.007
Years of schooling	0.16	0.08	0.002	0.32	0.04
Cognitive complaints – COBRA	−0.01	0.03	−0.08	0.06	0.73
Manic residual symptoms – YMRS	−0.39	0.17	−0.74	−0.05	0.02
Depressive residual symptoms - HAMD	−0.13	0.14	−0.42	0.15	0.34
Anxious symptoms – ISRA-B	0.04	0.02	−0.008	0.09	0.10
Regression model after the backward conditional method
Age	−0.07	0.02	−0.12	−0.02	0.004
Manic residual symptoms – YMRS	−0.39	0.16	−0.72	−0.05	0.02

Notes: Adjusted R² of first model= 0.08; Adjusted R² of final model=0.11.

Abbreviations: LL, lower limit; UL, upper limit.

Table 3 Association of Anxious Symptoms with Inhibition of Cognitive Interference– Regression Models (n=87)

First Regression Model	β coefficient	SE	95% C.I. β		p
			LL	UL
Age	−0.01	0.11	−0.23	0.20	0.90
Years of schooling	1.12	0.35	0.41	1.83	0.002
Cognitive complaints – COBRA	0.44	0.16	0.10	0.77	0.01
Manic residual symptoms – YMRS	0.11	0.77	−1.42	1.66	0.88
Depressive residual symptoms - HAMD	−0.12	0.64	−1.41	1.69	0.85
Anxious symptoms – ISRA-B	−0.20	0.11	−0.42	0.01	0.06
Regression model after the backward conditional method
Years of schooling	1.12	0.33	0.46	1.78	0.001
Cognitive complaints – COBRA	0.44	0.16	0.11	0.76	0.008
Anxious symptoms – ISRA-B	−0.21	0.08	−0.38	−0.04	0.01

Notes: Adjusted R² of first model= 0.12; Adjusted R² of final model=0.15.

Abbreviations: LL, lower limit; UL, upper limit.