Prolonged Disease Course Leads to Impaired Brain Function in Anxiety Disorder: A Resting State EEG Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Participants

Characteristics	AS (n=18)	GAD (n=16)	t/Z	p-value
Age (year)^a	45.94±12.30	45.81±8.06	0.036	0.971
Gender: male/female^b	5/13	3/13	–	0.693
BMI^a	22.28±2.92	23.37±3.03	−1.061	0.297
Education (year)^c	16.00 (6.00, 13.00)	8.69 (6.00, 16.00)	−1.256	0.209
Duration of illness (month)^c	1.00 (1.00, 3.25)	36.00 (15.00, 60.00)	−5.066	<0.001
HAMA^a	21.50±4.23	23.75±5,63	−1.325	0.195
HAM-D17^c	13.50 (11.75, 15.00)	14.50 (12.50, 15.00)	−1.395	0.163

Notes: ^aIndependent sample t-test [Mean (SD)]. ^bFisher’s exact test. ^cMann–Whitney U-test [M (P₂₅, P₇₅)]. p-value: p-value obtained after comparison using Mann Whitney's U-test or a separate sample of t-test; p < 0.05 is considered statistically significant.

Figure 1 (A–D) Four rhythms, Theta (A), Alpha1 (B), Alpha2 (C), Beta (D) PSD values of 16 EEG channels of the AS group and the GAD group respectively. Each value is the average of all subjects. PSD refers to power spectral density.

Notes: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.

Figure 2 (A–D) Four rhythms, Theta (A), Alpha1 (B), Alpha2 (C), Beta (D) FE values of 16 EEG channels of the AS group and the GAD group respectively. Each value is the average of all subjects. FE refers to fuzzy entropy.

Notes: *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.

Figure 3 (A–D) Brain functional network of Theta (A), Alpha1 (B), Alpha2 (C), Beta (D) rhythms of 16 EEG channels of the AS group and the GAD group respectively. The line indicates that the PLI between the two channels is significantly different between the two groups. Blue lines indicate that the PLI values of AS group are higher than the GAD group, and red lines indicate that the PLI values of GAD group are higher than the AS group.

Table 2 Classification Accuracies of Four Machine Learning Approaches

Machine Learning Approaches	SVM	KNN	RF	BP_Bagging
Classification Accuracy	0.99±0.0015	0.99±0.0015	0.97±0.0083	0.98±0.0043

Data Sharing Statement

Data sets generated during the period and/or analyzed in this study can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.