Epileptic and cognitive changes in children with cerebral palsy: an Egyptian study

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic data of children and factors associated with development among CP

Factor	CP with epilepsy (n=48)	CP without epilepsy (n=50)	Control without CP or epilepsy (n=180)	P-value
Age, mean ± SD	7.97±4.741	7.91±4.821	7.19±2.712	0.248
Sex, M/F	28/20	24/26	86/94	0.416
Abnormal MRI	22 (45.8%)	21 (42%)	–	0.242
Positive family history	3 (11.1%)	1 (4%)		0.335
Neonatal seizures	6 (12.5%)	1 (2%)	5 (2.8%)	0.009
Total IQ				0.0001
Mentally retarded (≤67)	22 (84.6%)	22 (66.7%)	0
Slow learners (68–78)	2 (7.7%)	6 (18.2%)	1 (2.5%)
Below-average intelligence (79–88)	0	2 (6.1%)	7 (17.5%)
Average intelligence (89–110)	2 (7.7%)	3 (9.1%)	26 (65%)
Above-average intelligence (111–120)	0	0	0
Excellent intelligence (121–131)	0	0	6 (15%)

Notes: Unless otherwise indicated, data are expressed as mean ± SD or number and percentage done. IQ was performed for 26 patients with CP with epilepsy, 33 patients with CP without epilepsy, and 40 control patients. Abnormal MRI refers to brain atrophy and white matter changes.

Abbreviations: MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; M, male; F, female; CP, cerebral palsy; IQ, intelligence quotient; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Frequency of epilepsy in relation to types of CP

Type of CP	Total CP (n=98)	CP with epilepsy (n=48)	CP without epilepsy (n=50)
Spastic diplegia	7 (7.1%)	1 (2.1%)	6 (12%)*
Spastic hemiplegia	14 (14.3%)	4 (8.3%)	10 (20%)*
Dystonic	2 (2.04%)	2 (4.2%)	0
Spastic quadriplegic	45 (45.9%)	28 (58.3%)*	17 (34%)
Ataxic	4 (4.1%)	0	4 (8%)
Mixed	26 (26.5%)	13 (27.1%)	13 (26%)

Note:

* P<0.05, from chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests.

Abbreviation: CP, cerebral palsy.

Table 3 Analysis logistic regression for the association between CP with epilepsy and some risk factors

CP with epilepsy	Significance	Odds ratio	95% confidence interval
			Lower bound	Upper bound
Male sex	0.192	1.599	0.790	3.239
Cesarean section	0.064	2.719	0.951	7.771
Prolonged labor	0.304	2.642	0.415	16.819
Prematurity and low birth weight babies	0.0001	0.190	0.081	0.445
Neonatal seizures	0.022	0.165	0.036	0.768
Jaundice	0.012	0.18	0.047	0.688
Cyanosis	0.002	0.263	0.114	0.608

Abbreviation: CP, cerebral palsy.