Influence of patient characteristics on care time in patients hospitalized with schizophrenia

Figures & data

Table 1 Background of subjects (n=8,379)

Characteristic	Present study, n (%)	National Daily Census Survey (%)
Men	4,452 (53.1)	49.9
≥65 years (n)	2,691 (32.1)	49.6
Admission to public sector psychiatric hospitals (n)	849 (10.1)	5.9
Admission to locked wards (n)	5,217 (62.3)	61.9
Involuntary admission (n)	3,923 (46.8)	43.0
With a history of admission (n)	6,647 (79.8)	–
	Mean ± SD
Mean age (years, SD)	56.7±14.3	–
Mean length of stay at time of investigation (day, SD)	3,242.1±4,203.3	–
Mean number of past admissions (n, SD)	3.3±1.6	–
Mean total weighted care time (minutes, SD)	104.4±74.2	–

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Distribution of clinical characteristics (n=8,379)

	Mean score	SD	n (proportion) above threshold
Psychiatric symptoms: BPRS (0–6), rated by the physician
Somatic concern	1.45	1.424	1,877 (22.4%)*
Anxiety	1.63	1.352	2,020 (24.1%)*
Emotional withdrawal	2.43	1.655	4,234 (50.5%)*
Conceptual disorganization	2.62	1.643	4,435 (52.9%)*
Hallucinations	2.08	1.763	3,501 (41.8%)*
Feelings of guilt	0.51	1.004	459 (5.5%)*
Tension	1.25	1.392	1,683 (20.1%)*
Mannerisms and posturing	1.40	1.601	1,979 (23.6%)*
Depressive mood	0.75	1.064	632 (7.6%)*
Grandiosity	0.68	1.228	851 (10.2%)*
Hostility	1.13	1.373	1,429 (17.1%)*
Suspiciousness	1.49	1.496	2,114 (25.2%)*
Motor retardation	2.06	1.555	3,358 (40.1%)*
Uncooperativeness	1.96	1.666	2,986 (35.7%)*
Unusual thought content	2.66	1.696	4,686 (56.0%)*
Blunted or inappropriate affect	2.65	1.663	4,569 (54.5%)*
Elation/euphoria	0.51	1.062	618 (7.4%)*
Psychomotor agitation	0.75	1.268	982 (11.7%)*
Total BPRS score, ≥27 (n)	–	–	4,115 (49.2%)
Cognitive function, rated by nurse
Cognitive ability (0–3)	0.96	0.961	2,063 (24.6%)‡
Communication ability (0–3)	0.87	0.935	2,004 (23.9%)‡
Short-term memory impairment (0–1)	0.33	0.470	2,748 (32.8%)§
Problem behavior, rated by nurse
Egocentrism (0–3)	0.62	1.085	1,500 (19.1%)‡
Frequent demands/repetitive complaints (0–3)	0.49	0.995	1,281 (15.2%)‡
Dependence (0–3)	0.38	0.901	992 (11.8%)‡
Damage to property (0–3)	0.02	0.200	50 (0.6%)‡
Resistance to care (0–3)	0.20	0.657	530 (6.3%)‡
Anorexia (0–3)	0.07	0.400	181 (2.1%)‡
Resistance to medication (0–3)	0.07	0.372	161 (2.0%)‡
Verbal abuse (0–3)	0.25	0.737	643 (7.7%)‡
Wandering behavior (0–3)	0.22	0.732	595 (8.1%)‡
Water intoxication (0–3)	0.22	0.746	599 (7.2%)‡
Allotriophagy (0–3)	0.01	0.152	28 (0.4%)‡
Urination/coprophilia (0–3)	0.04	0.315	113 (1.3%)‡
Sexual deviation (0–3)	0.03	0.259	71 (0.8%)‡
Self-injury (during 5 days) (0–1)	0.02	0.132	149 (1.8%)§
Suicide attempt (during 5 days) (0–1)	0.01	0.085	61 (0.7%)§
Intimidation (during 5 days) (0–1)	0.09	0.290	775 (9.3%)§
Actual violence (during 5 days) (0–1)	0.04	0.191	319 (3.8%)§
Self-injurious ideation or attempt/violent ideation or violence to others (0–3), rated by the physician	0.73	0.788	1,243 (14.8%)‡
Insight into disease, rated by the physician
Recognition of need for medication (1–4)	2.11	0.490	1,469 (17.5%)¶
Consciousness of disease (1–3)	2.48	0.568	4,337 (51.8%)#
ADL dependence (0–6), rated by nurse
Mobility in bed	0.45	1.352	700 (8.3%)*
Transfer	0.55	1.472	816 (9.8%)*
Eating	0.74	1.401	817 (9.7%)*
Toilet use	0.81	1.711	1,262 (15.1%)*
Personal hygiene	1.38	1.919	2,112 (25.1%)*
IADL dependence (0–2), rated by nurse
Meal preparation	1.36	0.78	6,791 (81.1%)§
Ordinary housework	1.39	0.74	7,096 (84.7%)§
Managing finances	1.29	0.79	6,651 (79.4%)§
Managing medications	1.38	0.74	7,069 (84.4%)§
Phone use	0.84	0.87	4,423 (52.8%)§
Shopping	1.04	0.84	5,597 (66.7%)§
Transportation	1.21	0.84	6,154 (73.4%)§

Notes:

* The threshold was ≥3 points,

‡ ≥2 or 3 points,

§ ≥1 point;

¶ “insufficient recognition and occasional reluctance or refusal to take medication”;

# “little”.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; ADL, activities of daily living; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living.

Table 3 Presence/absence of complications and medical treatments (n=8,379)

Complications, medical treatments, etc	Presence n (%)
Pneumonia	77 (0.9%)
Dehydration	80 (1.0%)
Delirium	46 (0.5%)
Urinary tract infection	53 (0.6%)
Infectious disease isolation	8 (0.1%)
Frequent vomiting	14 (0.2%)
Oxygen therapy	26 (0.3%)
Sputum suction	15 (0.2%)
Ventilator	1 (0.0%)
Tracheotomy/intubation	2 (0.0%)
24-hour infusion	28 (0.3%)
Intravenous hyperalimentation	14 (0.2%)
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy	85 (1.0%)
Frequent blood sugar determination	98 (1.2%)
Pressure ulcer	64 (0.8%)
Wound	50 (0.6%)
Repeated bleeding	6 (0.1%)
Peritoneal lavage	5 (0.1%)
Rehabilitation	20 (0.2%)
Peripheral circulatory disturbance	2 (0.0%)
Hemodialysis	3 (0.0%)

Figure 1 Results of analysis using Classification And Regression Tree (CART).

Abbreviation: ADL, activities of daily living.