Probing smoking craving with a multidimensional approach: validation of the 12-item French-language version of the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges

Figures & data

Table 1 Participants’ characteristics

		Subsample 1 (n=230)	Subsample 2 (n=40)
Age (years), mean (SD)		32.3 (11.4)	38.9 (11.2)
Female, %		62.6	52.5
Highest degree, %	University	62.2	20.0
	College	20.0	30.0
	High school	11.3	47.5
	Middle school	6.1	0.0
	Elementary school	0.4	2.5
Nationality, %	Belgium	34.8	100.0
	France	57.4	0.0
	Other countries	7.8	0.0
Time elapsed since the last cigarette, %	<15 minutes	19.6	0.0
	15–30 minutes	10.0	0.0
	30–60 minutes	13.5	0.0
	1–2 hours	27.5	5.0
	2–4 hours	15.7	70.0
	>4 hours	15.7	25.0
FTND, mean (SD)		3.1 (2.6)	3.5 (2.1)
Number of cigarettes smoked per day, mean (SD)		13.1 (10.0)	14.0 (5.8)
Consume cannabis occasionally, %		12.6	0.0
Carbon monoxide (ppm), mean (SD)		No data	12.2 (5.4)

Abbreviations: FTND, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; ppm, parts per million of expired air; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 1 Path diagram depicting the correlated two-factor solution (Model B) of the short French version of the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges.

Notes: *P<0.01. For each item, e represents the error measurement related to that specific item.

Table 2 Fit index values for the different tested models

Model	df	GFI	AGFI	PGFI	PRATIO	AIC	BCC	ECVI
A	54	0.970	0.957	0.671	0.818	444.892	447.330	1.654
B	53	0.978	0.967	0.664	0.803	378.049	380.589	1.405
C	53	0.974	0.962	0.662	0.803	421.568	424.107	1.567

Note: We considered Model B (emphasized by bold font) to be the best fitting model.

Abbreviations: AGFI, Adjusted Goodness-of-Fit Index; AIC, Akaike Information Criterion; BCC, Browne–Cudeck Criterion; df, degree of freedom; ECVI, Expected Cross-Validation Index; GFI, Goodness-of-Fit Index; PGFI, Parsimony Goodness-of-Fit Index; PRATIO, Parsimony Ratio.

Table 3 Pairwise correlations between variables of the study

	Total sample (n=270)					Subsample 1 (n=230)						Subsample 2 (n=40)
	QSU-12 – Factor 1: relief of negative affect	QSU-12 – Factor 2: intention and desire to smoke	FTND	Number of cigarettes smoked per day	Time since last cigarette	Negative impact of smoking on daily living	Frequency of smoking behaviors triggered by negative emotional contexts	Frequency of smoking behaviors triggered by positive emotional contexts	Frequency of smoking behaviors associated with pleasure or excitation	Loss of control associated with smoking	Frequency of intrusive thoughts or mental images related to smoking	CO (ppm)
QSU-12 – Total	0.889*	0.917*	0.375**	0.357*	−0.025	0.166**	0.090	0.132**	0.037	0.169**	0.291*	0.136
QSU-12 – Factor 1: relief of negative affect		0.661*	0.399*	0.342*	−0.058	0.221*	0.143**	0.121	0.058	0.152**	0.335*	0.201
QSU-12 – Factor 2: intention and desire to smoke			0.303*	0.323*	−0.009	0.108	0.073	0.121	0.042	0.167**	0.211*	−0.050
FTND				0.788*	−0.399*	0.250*	0.144**	0.126	−0.034	0.224*	0.121	0.378**
Number of cigarettes per day					−0.434*	0.193*	0.118	0.162**	−0.004	0.175*	0.020	0.348**
Time since last cigarette						−0.074	−0.069	−0.127	−0.037	−0.034	−0.062	−0.429*

Notes: Spearman correlations were applied because normality of variables was not achieved

* P<0.01;

** P<0.05.

Abbreviations: CO (ppm), carbon monoxide (in parts per million of expired air); FTND, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; QSU-12, 12-item version of the Questionnaire on Smoking Urge.

Table S1 QSU-12 items

Item	Factor
1. Nothing would be better than smoking a cigarette right now	F1
2. Smoking would make me less depressed	F1
3. Smoking a cigarette would not be pleasant*	F2
4. All I want right now is a cigarette	F1
5. Even if it were possible, I probably would not smoke now*	F2
6. I have no desire for a cigarette right now*	F2
7. Smoking now would make things seem just perfect	F1
8. A cigarette would not taste good right now*	F2
9. I have an urge for a cigarette	F1
10. I could control things better if I could smoke right now	F1
11. I am going to smoke as soon as possible	F2
12. I would do almost anything for a cigarette right now	F1

Notes: The French translation of these items can be obtained on request by mail or on the website of the Laboratory for Experimental Psychopathology: http://uclep.be.

* Reversed items.

Abbreviations: F1, Factor 1: relief of negative affect; F2, Factor 2: intention and desire to smoke; QSU-12, 12-item version of the Questionnaire on Smoking Urges.