Reduced brain resting-state network specificity in infants compared with adults

Figures & data

Figure 1 Default mode network in adults and infants.

Notes: Each triplet shows the same brain in sagittal, coronal, and axial views. The top row reflects regional associations with the default mode network within each age group, from one-sample Student’s t-tests at an uncorrected P<0.001 threshold. The bottom row illustrates regional differences between the groups within the same default mode network component, shown as adults greater than infants (left) and infants greater than adults (right), FWE-corrected for multiple comparisons at P<0.05.
Abbreviation: FWE, familywise error rate.

Figure 2 Regional differences in resting-state networks in infants and adults.

Notes: Shown are regions that differ in their association to the same network between adults and infants. Each brain is shown in sagittal, coronal, and axial views and is displayed in two columns based on the direction of the group contrast, with the adults greater than infants on the left and infants greater than adults on the right. All contrasts thresholded at P<0.05 FWE-corrected for multiple comparisons. Resting-state network labels: (A) V1, (B) V2, (C) auditory, (D) sensorimotor, (E) basal ganglia, (F) precuneus, (G) visuospatial, (H) language, (I) left executive control, (J) right executive control, and (K) anterior salience.
Abbreviations: ns, nonsignificant; FWE, familywise error rate.

Figure 3 Higher-level connectivity in infants and adults.

Notes: The connectivity between resting-state networks (independent components analysis, displayed as purple circles) differed between infants and adults within three clusters (red circles), located with the bilateral parahippocampal gyri and right amygdala. Each location in adults was significantly connected to a single resting-state network, whereas infants featured both stronger and less-specific connectivity. All connections thresholded at FDR-corrected P<0.05.
Abbreviations: RSN, resting-state network; ICA, independent components analysis; FDR, false discovery rate.

Figure S1 Consistency of infant resting-state networks compared with adult template resting-state networks.

Notes: Combined independent components analysis, using both infant and adult subjects, resulted in networks that closely resembled networks from an independent components analysis using the infant subjects only. In both cases, many networks showed spatial distributions matching resting-state network templates.¹ (A) V1, (B) V2, (C) auditory, (D) sensorimotor, (E) basal ganglia, (F) precuneus, (G) visuospatial, (H) language, (I) left executive control, (J) right executive control, and (K) anterior salience.

Abbreviations: RSN, resting-state network; ICA, independent components analysis.

Table S1 Group differences in resting-state networks

Network or component number, comparison, and AAL cluster label or labels*	K	Peak T-statistic	Peak MNI coordinate
Auditory
Adult > infant
Right Heschl’s gyrus, right insula	31	6.42	29	−19	4
Left insula	9	5.80	−36	−13	10
Right superior temporal	7	5.65	54	2	−8
Infant > adult
Right superior temporal, right insula, right middle temporal	77	12.68	39	−37	19
Left superior temporal, left supramarginal, left insula	106	11.15	−36	−37	19
Basal ganglia
Adult > infant
Left caudate, right caudate	254	10.04	−3	−4	7
Infant > adult
Left putamen, left pallidum	408	12.03	−15	−19	−8
Right putamen, right pallidum	353	11.97	27	−10	10
Primary visual
Adult > infant
Left calcarine, right calcarine	31	5.81	3	−73	13
Infant > adult
Left fusiform, left lingual	29	6.81	−18	−61	−20
Higher visual
Adult > infant
Left middle occipital, left inferior occipital	74	8.49	−24	−94	1
Right middle occipital, right inferior occipital	6	5.54	42	−88	1
Infant > adult
Right fusiform, right inferior temporal	157	8.85	33	−64	4
Right cerebellum, right vermis	20	6.79	9	−55	−14
Precuneus
Adult > infant
Left precuneus, right precuneus, left cuneus, right cuneus, left calcarine	163	9.75	−6	−70	31
Right posterior cingulum, left posterior cingulum	122	6.33	3	−40	22
Right angular gyrus	84	6.30	45	−61	34
Infant > adult
ns
Sensorimotor
Adult > infant
Right precentral	5	5.41	39	−19	46
Infant > adult
Right precuneus, right superior parietal, right postcentral	333	5.99	9	−49	52
Visuospatial (IPS/FEF)
Adult > Infant
ns
Infant > adult
Left postcentral, left inferior parietal	35	7.15	−21	−43	52
Right postcentral, right inferior parietal	14	5.95	30	−40	55
Left executive control
Adult > infant
Left inferior temporal	35	6.77	−57	−46	−20
Left inferior frontal, left middle frontal	39	6.12	−42	26	22
Infant > adult
ns
Right executive control
Adult > infant
Right angular, right inferior parietal, right supramarginal	193	9.61	54	−55	28
Right middle frontal	34	6.42	42	26	37
Right middle cingulum	9	6.25	3	−40	37
Right superior medial frontal	6	6.09	6	32	43
Infant > adult
ns
Anterior salience (insula/dorsal anterior cingulate cortex)
Adult > infant
Left insula, left inferior frontal	28	8.62	−36	11	−2
Right insula, right inferior frontal	46	7.30	36	20	4
Right supramarginal, right superior temporal	18	6.73	60	−40	34
Infant > adult
Left rolandic operculum	21	8.87	−57	−4	7
Right middle cingulum	13	7.40	9	−16	25
Right rolandic operculum	8	5.81	54	5	4
Dorsal default mode network (medial prefrontal cortex/posterior cingulate cortex)
Adult > infant
Left precuneus, left posterior cingulum, right precuneus	64	8.04	−3	−58	25
Infant > adult
Right medial frontal, right superior frontal	19	7.57	12	59	4
Right anterior cingulum	7	5.72	15	41	4
Language
Adult > infant
ns
Infant > adult
Left superior temporal	10	6.18	−57	−37	13
14
Adult > infant
ns
Infant > adult
Left insula	158	13.26	−30	8	−14
Left olfactory	67	9.55	0	11	−8
Right insula	58	5.82	30	11	−17
18
Adult > infant
Right frontal inferior Tri.	35	5.26	51	23	28
Infant > adult
Right parietal inferior	134	9.1	57	−52	40
Left parietal inferior	104	8.88	−54	−55	46

Notes: FWE-corrected P<0.05. Network names are according to the labels of the networks in the templates derived from Shirer et al.¹ The names in parentheses are the names for the networks used in the text, tables, and figures of that same paper. Networks without a parenthetic name have consistent naming between the paper and the downloadable templates.

* Labels for significant clusters are determined using the AAL atlas and toolbox.² No significant differences were observed for either adult > infant or infant > adult contrasts for the pSAL and ventral default mode networks, which are not listed in the table.

Abbreviations: K, cluster size in voxels; ns, nonsignificant; FWE, familywise error rate; AAL, automated anatomic labeling; pSAL, posterior salience network; IPS/FEF, intraparietal sulcus and frontal eye fields; Tri, triangularis; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute.

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