Cognitive functioning and subjective quality of life in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients before and after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty: a preliminary report

Figures & data

Table 1 Baseline clinical features of study completers versus non-completers at 24-month follow-up

Study subjects (n=95)	Completers n=33 (34.74%)	Non-completers n=62 (65.26%)	t or χ^2 (df)	P-value
Sociodemographics
Sex, female/male, n (%)	22 (23%)/11 (11%)	36 (38%)/26 (27%)	0.670 (1)	ns
Age in years, mean ± sd; (range)	43±10; (20–65)	46±10; (23–70)	1.321 (66)	ns
Age at MS diagnosis, mean ± sd; (range)	31±8; (17–42)	31±10; (10–60)	−246 (80)	ns
Years lapsed since MS diagnosis, mean ± sd; (range)	11±8; (1–34)	14±9; (1–40)	1.478 (93)	ns
Years of education, mean ± sd; (range)	12±3; (5–18)	11±3; (5–19)	−1.468 (93)	ns
Clinical features
EDSS score, mean ± sd; (range)	4±2; (1–7)	5±2; (1–8)	2.707 (82)	0.008
MODA total score, mean ± sd; (range)	84±6; (66–100)	87±7; (66–100)	1.484 (93)	ns
MODA orientation, mean ± sd; (range)	34±1; (30–35)	35±0; (32–35)	1.306 (38)	ns
MODA autonomy, mean ± sd; (range)	14±1; (11–15)	13±2; (7–15)	−3.000 (93)	0.003
MODA neuropsychological functioning, mean ± sd; (range)	40±6; (25–50)	42±5; (33–40)	1.843 (93)	ns
MODA reversal learning, mean ± sd; (range)	4±1; (2–5)	5±1; (2–5)	1.287 (47)	ns
MODA attention, mean ± sd; (range)	9±1; (7–10)	9±1; (5–10)	0.276 (93)	ns
MODA verbal intelligence, mean ± sd; (range)	3±2; (0–6)	4±2; (0–6)	1.945 (93)	ns
MODA prose memory, mean ± sd; (range)	4±2; (0–8)	4±2; (0–8)	0.987 (93)	ns
MODA verbal fluency, mean ± sd; (range)	4±1; (1–5)	4±1; (0–5)	0.006 (93)	ns
MODA token test, mean ± sd; (range)	5±0; (3–5)	5±0; (3–5)	1.024 (93)	ns
MODA finger agnosia, mean ± sd; (range)	4±1; (0–5)	4±1; (0–5)	0.373 (93)	ns
MODA constructional apraxia, mean ± sd; (range)	3±0; (0–3)	3±0; (0–3)	0.495 (93)	ns
MODA street completion test, mean ± sd; (range)	2±0; (1–3)	2±0; (1–3)	1.500 (93)	ns
SF-36 physical activity, mean ± sd; (range)	48±33; (0–100)	37±33; (0–100)	−1.149 (92)	ns
SF-36 physical role, mean ± sd; (range)	28±36; (0–100)	30±37; (0–100)	−1.430 (92)	ns
SF-36 somatic pain, mean ± sd; (range)	66±33; (0–100)	65±33; (0–100)	0.218 (92)	ns
SF-36 global health, mean ± sd; (range)	51±25; (5–92)	45±23; (0–97)	−1.89 (92)	ns
SF-36 vitality, mean ± sd; (range)	52–22; (15–100)	42±23; (0–100)	−2.030 (92)	ns
SF-36 social activity, mean ± sd; (range)	59–26; (12–100)	58±28; (0–100)	−0.250 (92)	ns
SF-36 emotional role, mean ± sd; (range)	43±40; (0–100)	50±41; (0–100)	0.781 (92)	ns
SF-36 mental health, mean ± sd; (range)	67–22; (12–100)	61–22; (16–96)	−1.178 (92)	ns

Note: Completers had a slightly, yet statistically significant, better baseline profile: lower EDSS score and higher autonomy functioning according to the MODA.

Abbreviations: EDSS, Expanded Disability Status Scale; MODA, Milan Overall Dementia Assessment; ns, not significant; sd, standard deviation; SF-36, short form-36 item.

Figure 1 MODA neuropsychological functioning test trend in patients followed-up for 24 months (four observations).

Notes: Higher scores indicate better outcomes. Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of sphericity was violated, χ²(5)=30.132, P≤0.001; therefore, Greenhouse-Geisser corrected tests are reported (ε=0.673). The results showed that MODA neuropsychological functioning was significantly affected by PTA among those being followed-up until the fourth (last) observation of the study (study completers), F(2.02, 64.57)=28.59, P≤0.001.
Abbreviations: MODA, Milan Overall Dementia Assessment; PTA, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.

Figure 2 MODA attention test trend in patients followed-up for 24 months (four observations).

Notes: Higher scores indicate better outcomes. Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of sphericity was violated, χ²(5)=65.017, P≤0.001; therefore, Greenhouse-Geisser corrected tests are reported (ε=0.497). The results showed that MODA attention was significantly affected by PTA among those being followed-up until the fourth (last) observation of the study (study completers), F(1.49, 47.68)=5.30, P=0.015.
Abbreviations: MODA, Milan Overall Dementia Assessment; PTA, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.

Figure 3 MODA prose memory test trend in patients followed-up for 24 months (four observations).

Notes: Higher scores indicate better outcomes. Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of sphericity was violated, χ²(5)=22.550, P≤0.001; therefore, Greenhouse-Geisser corrected tests are reported (ε=0.738). The results showed that MODA prose was significantly affected by PTA among those being followed-up until the fourth (last) observation of the study (study completers), F(2.21, 70.82)=6.29, P=0.002.
Abbreviations: MODA, Milan Overall Dementia Assessment; PTA, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.

Figure 4 MODA autonomy test trend in patients followed-up for 24 months (four observations).

Notes: Higher scores indicate better outcomes. Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of sphericity was violated, χ²(5)=92.545, P≤0.001; therefore, Greenhouse-Geisser corrected tests are reported (ε=0.576). The results showed that MODA autonomy was significantly affected by PTA among those being followed-up until the fourth (last) observation of the study (study completers), F(1.73, 55.32)=6.29, P=0.029.
Abbreviations: MODA, Milan Overall Dementia Assessment; PTA, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty.

Figure 5 SF-36 physical activity assessment trend in patients followed-up for 24 months (four observations).

Notes: Higher scores indicate better outcomes. Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of sphericity was violated, χ²(5)=37.750, P≤0.001; therefore, Greenhouse-Geisser corrected tests are reported (ε=0.725). The results showed that SF-36 physical activity was significantly affected by PTA among those being followed-up until the fourth (last) observation of the study (study completers), F(2.17, 69.56)=4.47, P=0.013.
Abbreviations: PTA, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty; SF-36, short-form 36-item.

Figure 6 SF-36 somatic pain assessment trend in patients followed-up for 24 months (four observations).

Notes: Higher scores indicate better outcomes. Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of sphericity was violated, χ²(5)=22.557, P≤0.001; therefore, Greenhouse-Geisser corrected tests are reported (ε=0.682). The results showed that SF-36 somatic pain was significantly affected by PTA among those being followed-up until the fourth (last) observation of the study (study completers), F(2.05, 65.52)=5.53, P=0.006.
Abbreviations: PTA, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty; SF-36, short-form 36-item.

Figure 7 SF-36 mental health assessment trend in patients followed-up for 24 months (four observations).

Notes: Higher scores indicate better outcomes. Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of sphericity was violated, χ²(5)=25.648, P≤0.001; therefore, Greenhouse-Geisser corrected tests are reported (ε=0.695). The results showed that SF-36 mental health was significantly affected by PTA among those being followed-up until the fourth (last) observation of the study (study completers), F(2.09, 66.74)=3.59, P=0.031.
Abbreviations: PTA, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty; SF-36, short-form 36-item.

Figure 8 SF-36 social activity assessment trend in patients followed-up for 24 months (four observations).

Notes: Higher scores indicate better outcomes. Mauchly’s test indicated that the assumption of sphericity was violated, χ²(5)=27.689, P≤0.001; therefore, Greenhouse-Geisser corrected tests are reported (ε=0.704). The results showed that SF-36 social activity was significantly affected by PTA among those being followed-up until the fourth (last) observation of the study (study completers), F(2.11, 67.59)=5.69, P=0.005.
Abbreviations: PTA, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty; SF-36, short-form 36-item.