Genetic influence on methadone treatment outcomes in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment for opioid addiction: a pilot study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow diagram for participants included in the study.

Abbreviation: OATC, Ontario Addiction Treatment Centres.

Table 1 Demographics of the GENOA study sample

Variables (n=252)	Values
Age in years, mean (SD)	36.9 (10.3)
Age of opioid onset in years, mean (SD)	23.2 (9.2)
Methadone use duration in months, mean (SD)	40.7 (42.6)
Methadone dose in mg/day, median (range)	80.0 (2–555)
Treatment response, mean (SD)	81.5 (23.2)
BMI, mean (SD)	26.8 (6.4)
European ethnicity, %	84.9
Currently married/common law, %	38.9
Currently employed, %	29.8
Current tobacco smoking, %	88.9
Current alcohol use, %	31.1
Family history of addiction
Parents, %	59.5
Siblings, %	41.3
Comorbid psychiatric disorders, %	48.8
Depression, %	32.9
Bipolar, %	8.7
Schizophrenia, %	1.6
Anxiety, %	27.0
Personality, %	4.8
Other, %	14.3
Comorbid medical disorders, %	42.1
HIV, %	0.4
Hepatitis, %	24.2
Liver disease, %	6.3
Chronic pain, %	25.4
Epilepsy, %	2.0
Other, %	25.8
Past 12 months self-reported drug use
Heroin, %	17.1
OxyContin, %	44.4
Cannabis, %	59.8
Stimulants, %	48.2
Hallucinogens, %	12.4
Inhalants, %	1.2
Performance-enhancing drugs, %	2.8
Barbituates, %	8.0
Benzodiazepines, %	25.5
Diet pills, %	2.8

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; GENOA, genes of opioid addiction; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; SD, standard deviation.