The Yamaguchi fox/pigeon-imitation test, a brief cognitive performance rating tool, in a community-dwelling population: normative data for Japanese subjects – a preliminary study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Fox (upper) and pigeon (lower) hand gestures.

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of subjects

	Total n=392	Normal n=376	CI n=16
Age	68.8±6.4	68.7±6.3	71.4±7.0	ns
Amount of education	10.6±2.0	8.7±0.8	10.7±2.0	P<0.001
MMSE score	28.2±2.3	28.4±1.9	21.8±1.4	P<0.001
CES-D score	10.7±2.0	11.8±2.2	10.9±2.2	ns
Subjective memory impairment	103 (26.3%)	97 (25.8%)	6 (37.5%)	ns
Error of fox	13 (3.3%)	12 (3.2%)	1 (6.2%)	ns
Error of pigeon	100 (25.5%)	93 (24.3%)	7 (43.8%)	ns

Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale; ns, not significant.

Table 2 Demographic characteristics of subjects with regard to sex

	Males		Females
	Normal n=132	CI n=7	Normal n=244	CI n=9
Age	68.7±6.7	69.4±7.0	68.7±6.1	72.9±6.9
Amount of education	11.1±2.1	8.4±1.1	10.5±1.9	8.9±0.3
MMSE score	28.0±2.1	21.9±1.2	28.7±1.8	21.8±1.6
CES-D score	10.4±4.8	12.4±6.4	10.7±5.7	11.3±7.6
Error of fox	6	1	6	0
Error of pigeon	41	2	52	5

Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale; CI, cognitive impairment.

Table 3 Demographic characteristics of subjects with regard to sex

	Males				Females
	SMI (+)		SMI (−)		SMI (+)		SMI (−)
	Normal n=25	CI n=3	Normal n=107	CI n=4	Normal n=72	CI n=3	Normal n=172	CI n=6
Age	71.1±8.2	69.3±9.7	68.2±6.2	69.5±6.1	68.9±6.3	72.7±7.6	68.6±6.1	73.0±7.2
Amount of education	10.6±3.6	8.0±1.7	11.2±2.0	8.6±0.5	10.3±2.0	8.7±0.6	10.5±1.9	9.0±0.0
MMSE score	26.9±2.1	21.3±1.5	28.2±2.0	22.3±1.0	28.6±1.7	20.3±1.5	28.7±1.8	22.5±1.2
CES-D score	10.1±5.4	11.3±10.6	10.5±4.6	10.5±4.6	12.9±7.3	12.3±12.0	9.9±4.7	10.8±5.8
Error of fox	0	0	6	1	3	0	3	0
Error of pigeon	11	0	30	2	13	3	39	2

Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale; CI, cognitive impairments; SMI, subjective memory impairment.

Table 4 Data on each result of pigeon-test data

	Pigeon test		Significance	Error patterns
	Correct n=292	Error n=100		F(i) n=57	F(ii) n=8	F(iii) n=24	F(iv) n=11
Age	68.2±6.2	70.8±6.5	ns	69.7±6.1	69.3±7.4	72.4±6.6	74.1±6.6
Sex (M/F)	97/195	42/58	0.004	32/24	2/6	6/18	2/9
Education	10.7±2.0	10.3±2.0	ns	10.6±2.0	10.9±1.6	10.2±2.3	9.1±1.7
MMSE	28.4±2.2	27.5±2.5	0.009	27.7±2.5	28.1±2.0	27.5±2.8	26.5±2.5
Subjective memory impairment (%)	76 (26%)	27 (27%)	ns	17 (30%)	2 (25%)	6 (25%)	2 (18%)
Hypertention (%)	141 (48%)	57 (57%)	ns	32 (57%)	5 (63%)	14 (58%)	6 (54%)
Diabetes (%)	33 (11%)	7 (7%)	ns	4 (7%)	1 (13%)	1 (4%)	1 (9%)
Hyperliminea (%)	70 (24%)	17 (17%)	ns	14 (25%)	2 (25%)	1 (4%)	0 (0%)

Abbreviations: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; F(i), palm–palm; F(ii), palm–dorsum; F(iii), dorsum–dorsum; F(iv), intermediate.