A positive correlation between serum amyloid β levels and depressive symptoms among community-dwelling elderly individuals in Japan

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the subjects

	Total subjects	60–69 years old	70 years and older
N	419	246	173
Age in years (mean ± SD)*	68.5±6.4	64.0±2.7	75.0±4.3
Sex (%)
Male	150 (35.8)	92 (37.4)	58 (33.5)
Female	269 (64.2)	154 (62.6)	115 (66.5)
Education (years) (mean ± SD)*	10.8±2.0	11.2±1.7	10.1±2.0
Pack-years of smoking (mean ± SD)	6.6±16.1	7.3±16.1	5.7±16.0
TMIG-IC score (mean ± SD)	12.1±1.2	12.1±1.2	12.1±1.2
CES-D score (mean ± SD)*	10.3±6.1	9.7±6.1	11.2±6.0
MMSE score (mean ± SD)*	28.2±2.5	28.7±2.1	27.6±2.9
Positive history of
Diabetes mellitus (%)	44 (10.5)	21 (8.5)	23 (13.3)
Hypertension (%)*	196 (46.8)	92 (37.4)	104 (60.1)
Dyslipidemia (%)	87 (20.8)	56 (22.8)	31 (17.9)
Aβ40 (pmol/L) (mean ± SD)*	22.0±9.6	20.3±8.9	24.5±10.2
Aβ42 (pmol/L) (mean ± SD)	2.0±2.6	2.0±3.3	2.1±0.9
Aβ40/Aβ42 (mean ± SD)*	11.9±3.7	11.6±3.6	12.4±3.7

Note:

* Indicates a significant difference among the subgroups.

Abbreviations: TMIG-IC, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; SD, standard deviation; Aβ, amyloid beta.

Table 2 Relationship between serum Aβ level and cognitive function (MMSE score)

	Total subjects					60–69 years old					70 years and older
	B	SE	β	t-value	P-value	B	SE	β	t-value	P-value	B	SE	β	t-value	P-value
Aβ40
Age	−0.064	0.020	−0.163	−3.268	<0.01	−0.038	0.046	−0.050	−0.830	0.407	−0.069	0.054	−0.100	−1.298	0.196
Sex	0.770	0.272	0.146	2.833	<0.01	0.722	0.305	0.169	2.368	<0.05	0.892	0.507	0.143	1.761	0.080
Education	0.377	0.063	0.292	5.962	<0.001	0.347	0.073	0.293	4.744	<0.001	0.416	0.113	0.285	3.661	<0.001
Pack-years of smoking	−0.009	0.008	−0.056	−1.143	0.254	−0.017	0.009	−0.130	−1.920	0.056	0.002	0.014	0.011	0.148	0.883
TMIG-IC score	0.455	0.095	0.214	4.805	<0.001	0.269	0.106	0.155	2.533	<0.05	0.699	0.175	0.281	3.986	<0.001
Positive history of
Diabetes mellitus	−0.020	0.374	−0.002	−0.053	0.958	−0.413	0.467	−0.056	−0.883	0.378	0.321	0.612	0.037	0.524	0.601
Hypertension	0.189	0.231	0.037	0.816	0.415	0.227	0.259	0.053	0.879	0.380	0.146	0.429	0.024	0.340	0.734
Dyslipidemia	0.371	0.283	0.060	1.311	0.191	0.120	0.313	0.024	0.382	0.703	0.746	0.538	0.097	1.388	0.167
Aβ40	−0.004	0.012	−0.015	−0.320	0.749	−0.010	0.014	−0.041	−0.671	0.503	0.006	0.021	0.020	0.277	0.782
Aβ42
Age	−0.066	0.019	−0.166	−3.411	<0.01	−0.044	0.046	−0.058	−0.962	0.337	−0.068	0.054	−0.097	−1.269	0.206
Sex	0.768	0.271	0.146	2.837	<0.01	0.713	0.304	0.167	2.349	<0.05	0.903	0.509	0.145	1.776	0.078
Education	0.378	0.063	0.292	5.986	<0.001	0.347	0.073	0.292	4.748	<0.001	0.413	0.113	0.284	3.648	<0.001
Pack-years of smoking	−0.009	0.008	−0.056	−1.140	0.255	−0.016	0.009	−0.128	−1.897	0.059	0.002	0.014	0.012	0.149	0.882
TMIG-IC score	0.453	0.094	0.213	4.798	<0.001	0.261	0.106	0.150	2.470	<0.05	0.699	0.176	0.281	3.983	<0.001
Positive history of
Diabetes mellitus	−0.036	0.369	−0.004	−0.098	0.922	−0.448	0.464	−0.061	−0.966	0.335	0.355	0.606	0.041	0.585	0.559
Hypertension	0.179	0.230	0.035	0.779	0.437	0.219	0.258	0.051	0.846	0.398	0.171	0.424	0.028	0.403	0.687
Dyslipidemia	0.372	0.282	0.060	1.318	0.188	0.127	0.312	0.026	0.406	0.685	0.737	0.537	0.096	1.372	0.172
Aβ42	−0.007	0.043	−0.008	−0.175	0.861	−0.005	0.038	−0.008	−0.138	0.891	−0.002	0.219	−0.001	−0.010	0.992
Aβ40/Aβ42
Age	−0.066	0.019	−0.167	−3.416	<0.01	−0.045	0.046	−0.059	−0.983	0.327	−0.068	0.053	−0.097	−1.276	0.204
Sex	0.763	0.271	0.145	2.817	<0.01	0.707	0.304	0.165	2.327	<0.05	0.902	0.505	0.145	1.785	0.076
Education	0.376	0.063	0.291	5.950	<0.001	0.341	0.073	0.287	4.642	<0.001	0.413	0.113	0.284	3.643	<0.001
Pack-years of smoking	−0.009	0.008	−0.055	−1.114	0.266	−0.016	0.009	−0.121	−1.778	0.077	0.002	0.014	0.012	0.153	0.878
TMIG-IC score	0.452	0.094	0.213	4.787	<0.001	0.260	0.106	0.150	2.465	<0.05	0.701	0.176	0.282	3.988	<0.001
Positive history of
Diabetes mellitus	−0.050	0.371	−0.006	−0.135	0.892	−0.502	0.469	−0.068	−1.068	0.286	0.356	0.601	0.041	0.592	0.554
Hypertension	0.179	0.230	0.035	0.776	0.438	0.218	0.258	0.051	0.843	0.400	0.173	0.421	0.029	0.412	0.681
Dyslipidemia	0.376	0.282	0.060	1.332	0.184	0.128	0.312	0.026	0.411	0.682	0.733	0.537	0.096	1.364	0.174
Aβ40/Aβ42	0.010	0.030	0.015	0.334	0.739	0.026	0.035	0.045	0.737	0.462	−0.008	0.054	−0.010	−0.148	0.883

Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid beta; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; SE, standard error; TMIG-IC, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence.

Table 3 Relationship between serum Aβ level and depressive symptoms (CES-D score)

	Total subjects					60–69 years old					70 years and older
	B	SE	β	t-value	P-value	B	SE	β	t-value	P-value	B	SE	β	t-value	P-value
Aβ40
Age	0.084	0.052	0.090	1.614	0.107	0.028	0.142	0.013	0.194	0.846	0.082	0.120	0.058	0.678	0.499
Sex	−0.313	0.717	−0.025	−0.436	0.663	−0.469	0.940	−0.039	−0.499	0.618	0.001	1.138	0.000	0.001	0.999
Education	−0.298	0.167	−0.098	−1.788	0.075	−0.369	0.226	−0.110	−1.636	0.103	−0.141	0.255	−0.048	−0.552	0.582
Pack-years of smoking	0.024	0.020	0.065	1.179	0.239	−0.005	0.027	−0.013	−0.172	0.864	0.066	0.032	0.177	2.060	<0.05
TMIG-IC score	−0.528	0.250	−0.105	−2.114	<0.05	−0.408	0.328	−0.083	−1.245	0.214	−0.604	0.394	−0.120	−1.533	0.127
Positive history of
Diabetes mellitus	−0.608	0.987	−0.031	−0.616	0.538	−0.302	1.441	−0.014	−0.210	0.834	−1.057	1.375	−0.060	−0.769	0.443
Hypertension	1.019	0.610	0.085	1.670	0.096	0.844	0.797	0.070	1.058	0.291	1.001	0.964	0.082	1.038	0.301
Dyslipidemia	−0.065	0.746	−0.004	−0.088	0.930	−0.223	0.965	−0.016	−0.231	0.818	0.156	1.208	0.010	0.129	0.897
Aβ40	0.018	0.032	0.029	0.574	0.566	−0.049	0.044	−0.075	−1.127	0.261	0.094	0.047	0.160	2.004	<0.05
Aβ42
Age	0.081	0.052	0.086	1.569	0.117	−0.034	0.145	−0.015	−0.234	0.815	0.082	0.120	0.058	0.685	0.494
Sex	−0.115	0.730	−0.009	−0.158	0.875	−0.275	0.968	−0.022	−0.284	0.777	−0.101	1.141	−0.008	−0.088	0.930
Education	−0.283	0.170	−0.091	−1.666	0.097	−0.338	0.233	−0.098	−1.452	0.148	−0.158	0.254	−0.054	−0.623	0.534
Pack-years of smoking	0.024	0.021	0.063	1.140	0.255	−0.003	0.028	−0.009	−0.116	0.908	0.067	0.032	0.179	2.085	<0.05
TMIG-IC score	−0.527	0.254	−0.103	−2.074	<0.05	−0.450	0.337	−0.089	−1.338	0.182	−0.579	0.394	−0.115	−1.469	0.144
Positive history of
Diabetes mellitus	−0.470	0.995	−0.024	−0.472	0.637	−0.440	1.478	−0.020	−0.297	0.766	−0.875	1.359	−0.050	−0.644	0.520
Hypertension	0.982	0.619	0.081	1.587	0.113	0.653	0.824	0.052	0.793	0.429	1.141	0.951	0.094	1.200	0.232
Dyslipidemia	−0.239	0.760	−0.016	−0.314	0.754	−0.391	0.995	−0.027	−0.392	0.695	0.015	1.204	0.001	0.013	0.990
Aβ42	−0.117	0.115	−0.050	−1.024	0.307	−0.183	0.120	−0.098	−1.523	0.129	1.021	0.492	0.161	2.076	<0.05
Aβ40/Aβ42
Age	0.089	0.051	0.095	1.732	0.084	0.002	0.141	0.001	0.011	0.991	0.106	0.121	0.075	0.874	0.383
Sex	−0.276	0.714	−0.022	−0.386	0.700	−0.549	0.940	−0.045	−0.584	0.560	0.172	1.149	0.014	0.150	0.881
Education	−0.302	0.167	−0.099	−1.809	0.071	−0.382	0.227	−0.114	−1.681	0.094	−0.175	0.258	−0.059	−0.678	0.499
Pack-years of smoking	0.024	0.020	0.065	1.182	0.238	−0.002	0.027	−0.007	−0.088	0.930	0.066	0.032	0.178	2.048	<0.05
TMIG-IC score	−0.519	0.249	−0.104	−2.083	<0.05	−0.454	0.326	−0.093	−1.392	0.165	−0.601	0.399	−0.119	−1.505	0.134
Positive history of
Diabetes mellitus	−0.540	0.980	−0.028	−0.551	0.582	−0.555	1.452	−0.027	−0.382	0.703	−0.518	1.366	−0.030	−0.379	0.705
Hypertension	1.050	0.607	0.088	1.730	0.084	0.816	0.799	0.068	1.021	0.308	1.402	0.956	0.115	1.466	0.145
Dyslipidemia	−0.094	0.744	−0.006	−0.127	0.899	−0.159	0.966	−0.011	−0.165	0.869	−0.006	1.221	0.000	−0.005	0.996
Aβ40/Aβ42	0.017	0.080	0.010	0.211	0.833	0.031	0.108	0.019	0.287	0.774	−0.019	0.123	−0.012	−0.156	0.876

Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid beta; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; SE, standard error; TMIG-IC, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence.