Validity and clinical utilization of the Chinese version of the Gotland Male Depression Scale at a men’s health polyclinic

Figures & data

Table 1 Description of the participants: percentage of characteristics

	n=231	%
Age (years)
<40	62	26.8
40–49	81	35.1
50–59	63	27.3
≥60	25	10.8
Education
Junior high school and below	51	22.1
Senior high school and above	180	77.9
Marital status
Single (unmarried, divorced, widowed)	184	79.6
Married/cohabitating	47	20.4
Employment
Unemployed	52	22.5
Employed	179	77.5

Table 2 Internal validity (internal consistency and homogeneity) of the CV-GMDS and CV-BDI-II

	Cronbach’s coefficient (α)	Levene’s test of homogeneity (P)
CV-GMDS (total) (13 items)	0.933	0.762
Gotland distress dimension (7 items)	0.909	0.728
Gotland depression dimension (6 items)	0.844	0.694
CV-BDI-II (21 items)	0.933	0.983

Abbreviations: CV-GMDS, Chinese version of the Gotland Male Depression Scale; CV-BDI-II, Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory II.

Table 3 External validity (intercorrelations) between the CV-GMDS and CV-BDI-II

	Gotland (distress)	Gotland (depression)	CV-BDI-II
CV-GMDS (total)	0.963	0.945	0.835
Gotland distress dimension		0.821	0.803
Gotland depression dimension			0.79

Abbreviations: CV-GMDS, Chinese version of the Gotland Male Depression Scale; CV-BDI-II, Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory II.

Table 4 Factor structure of the Chinese version of the Gotland Male Depression Scale

Content	Factor
	1	2
1. Lower stress threshold/more stressed out than usual	0.81*	0.00
2. More aggressive, outward-reacting, difficulties keeping self-control	0.77*	0.00
3. Feeling of being burned out and empty	0.72*	0.52*
4. Constant, inexplicable tiredness	0.70*	0.58*
5. More irritable, restless, and frustrated	0.82*	0.11
6. Difficulty making ordinary everyday decisions	0.81*	0.00
7. Sleep problems: sleeping too much/too little/restlessly, difficulty falling asleep/waking up early	0.62*	0.28
8. In the morning especially, having a feeling of disquiet/anxiety/uneasiness	0.76*	−0.14
9. Overconsumption of alcohol and pills in order to achieve a calming and relaxing effect. Being hyperactive or blowing off steam by working hard and restlessly, jogging or other exercises, under- or overeating	0.62*	−0.14
10. Do you feel your behavior has altered in such a way that neither you yourself nor others can recognize you, and that you are difficult to deal with?	0.83*	−0.25
11. Have you felt or have others perceived you as being gloomy, negative, or characterized by a state of hopelessness in which everything looks bleak?	0.84*	−0.21
12. Have you or others noticed that you have a greater tendency to self-pity, to be complaining, or to seem “pathetic”?	0.84*	−0.31
13. In your biological family, is there any tendency toward abuse, depression/dejection, suicide attempts, or proneness to behavior involving danger?	0.50*	−0.35

Note:

* Factor loading >0.50.

Table 5 Relationship with depression and the CV-AMS scale for the CV-GMDS and CV-BDI-II

	CV-GMDS	CV-BDI-II
Depression	36.80%	34.60%
CV-AMS scale (R^2)	0.616	0.574

Abbreviations: CV-GMDS, Chinese version of the Gotland Male Depression Scale; CV-BDI-II, Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory II; CV-AMS, Chinese version of the Aging Males’ Symptoms.

Figure S1 The English version of the Gotland Male Depression Scale.

Figure S2 The Chinese version of the Gotland Male Depression Scale.