Tardive dyskinesia in a South Asian population with first episode psychosis treated with antipsychotics

Figures & data

Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria in the minocycline study

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

1. Patients aged 18–65 years 2. DSM-IV diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, psychosis not otherwise specified, or schizophreniform disorder 3. Within the first 5 years of diagnosis 4. Competent and willing to give informed consent 5. Stable on medication 4 weeks prior to baseline 6. Able to take oral medication 7. If female, willing to use adequate contraceptive precautions and to have monthly pregnancy tests

1. Relevant medical illness (renal, hepatic, cardiac, serious dermatological disorders such as exfoliative dermatitis, systemic lupus erythematosis) 2. Prior history of intolerance to any tetracyclines 3. Concomitant penicillin therapy 4. Concomitant anticoagulant therapy 5. Presence of seizure disorder, not including clozapine-induced seizures 6. Currently taking valproic acid 7. Any change of psychotropic medications within the previous 6 weeks 8. Diagnosis of substance abuse (except nicotine or caffeine), or dependence within the last 3 months according to DSM-IV criteria 9. Pregnant or breastfeeding

Note: Data from Chaudhry et al.¹⁸

Abbreviation: DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition.

Figure 1 Flow chart of patients recruited from Pakistan and entering the TD analysis.

Abbreviations: FEP, first episode psychosis; AIMS, Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale; FGA, first-generation antipsychotic; SGA, second-generation antipsychotic; TD, tardive dyskinesia.

Table 2 Demographics of 86 patients included in the study

	Sex		Age (years)		Education (years)
	Male	Female	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
FGA (n=55)	20 (36%)	35 (64%)	26.31	7.72	7.8	4.8
SGA (n=31)	25 (81%)	6 (19%)	25.06	9.12	9.4	2.7

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; FGA, first-generation antipsychotic; n, number; SGA, second-generation antipsychotic.

Table 3 Summary of scores for AIMS items 1–7 for patients treated with FGA or SGA

	FGA scores (n=55)*		SGA scores (n=31)*		Mean rank		P-valuea
	Mean score	SD	Mean score	SD	FGA	SGA
1. Muscles of facial expression	0.75	0.821	0.52	1.208	47.62	36.19	0.018
2. Lips and perioral area	0.42	0.738	0.38	0.877	45.13	40.61	0.288
3. Jaw	0.18	0.547	0.48	0.962	41.55	46.97	0.138
4. Tongue	0.27	0.525	0.48	0.996	43.15	44.13	0.810
5. Upper body (extremity movements)	0.76	0.902	0.42	0.958	48.05	35.42	0.012
6. Lower body (extremity movements)	0.78	0.896	0.41	0.946	47.78	35.90	0.015
7. Trunk movements	0.67	0.982	0.39	0.882	46.43	38.31	0.083
8. Severity of abnormal movements	0.78	1.031	0.74	1.154	44.65	41.47	0.536
9. Incapacitation due to abnormal movements	0.35	0.726	0.58	1.057	42.45	45.35	0.487
10. Patient awareness of abnormal movements	0.07	0.424	0.23	0.617	42.07	46.03	0.143
Sum of AIMS score for the first seven items only	4.05	4.377	3.13	5.99	47.63	36.18	0.033

Notes:

* AIMS scores (none =0; minimal =1; mild =2; moderate =3; severe =4).

a Mann–Whitney U nonparametric test of the difference between the two groups (mean ranks are compared in the test).

Abbreviations: AIMS, Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale; FGA, first-generation antipsychotic; SGA, second-generation antipsychotic; n, number; SD, standard deviation.

FrackiewiczEJSramekJJHerreraJMKurtzNMCutlerNREthnicity and antipsychotic responseAnn Pharmacother19973111136013699391692

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