Possible association between phantom vibration syndrome and occupational burnout

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of the study population according to PVS and PRS

		PVS		P-value	PRS		P-value	PVS or PRS		P-value
		Yes (n=80)	No (n=298)		Yes (n=52)	No (n=321)		Yes (n=98)	No (n=277)
Age (years)a		32.8±7.3	34.1±7.7	0.224	33.7±7.3	34.0±7.7	0.800	32.8±7.4	34.3±7.7	0.131
Sexb, n (%)	Male	47 (58.8)	160 (53.7)	0.450	21 (40.4)	185 (57.6)	0.024*	53 (54.1)	154 (55.6)
	Female	33 (41.2)	138 (46.3)		31 (59.6)	136 (42.4)		45 (45.9)	123 (44.4)
Educationb, n (%)	High school or lower	18 (22.5)	109 (37.3)	0.016*	14 (27.5)	109 (34.5)	0.343	23 (23.7)	101 (37.1)	0.017*
	College or above	62 (77.5)	183 (62.7)		37 (72.5)	207 (65.5)		74 (76.3)	171 (62.9)
Marital statusb, n (%)	Single	34 (42.5)	118 (40.1)	0.433	18 (35.3)	130 (40.9)	0.780	41 (42.3)	109 (39.8)	0.575
	Married	43 (53.8)	171 (58.2)		32 (62.7)	181 (56.9)		53 (54.6)	160 (58.4)
	Divorced/widowed	3 (3.8)	5 (1.7)		1 (2.0)	7 (2.2)		3 (3.1)	5 (1.8)
Work hours, n (%)	Shift work	24 (30.0)	66 (22.3)	0.261	10 (19.2)	78 (24.5)	0.217	28 (28.6)	62 (22.5)	0.149
	Fixed 2nd shift (15.30 pm to 23.30 pm) and 3rd shift (23.30 pm to 7.30 am)	3 (3.8)	22 (7.4)		1 (1.9)	24 (7.5)		3 (3.1)	22 (8.0)
	Fixed 1st shift (7.30 am to 15.30 pm)	53 (66.3)	208 (70.3)		41 (78.8)	217 (68.0)		67 (68.4)	191 (69.5)
Work duration (years)a		6.6±6.5	7.0±5.7	0.631	7.4±6.5	6.9±5.9	0.636	6.9±6.8	7.0±5.6	0.923
Work hours per day (hours)a		9.6±2.4	9.2±2.1	0.147	9.2±2.6	9.3±2.0	0.796	9.6±2.4	9.2±2.0	0.073
Work hours per week (hours)a		47.5±12.3	46.2±11.1	0.366	46.3±12.9	46.7±11.0	0.799	47.9±12.3	46.1±10.9	0.212

Notes:

a Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation.

b Data are presented as the number (percentage).

* Indicates a significant difference between two groups.

Abbreviations: PVS, phantom vibration syndrome; PRS, phantom ringing syndrome.

Table 2 Distribution of OBI and HADS scores according to PVS and PRS

	PVS		P-value	PRS		P-value	PVS or PRS		P-value
	Yes (n=80)	No (n=298)		Yes (n=52)	No (n=321)		Yes (n=98)	No (n=277)
HADS
Anxiety	8.0 (5.0, 11.0)	8.0 (5.0, 11.0)	0.973	7.0 (5.0, 11.0)	8.0 (5.0, 11.0)	0.619	8.0 (4.0, 11.0)	8.0 (5.0, 11.0)	0.518
Depression	7.0 (4.0, 10.0)	8.0 (4.0, 10.0)	0.349	7.0 (4.0, 10.0)	7.0 (4.0, 10.0)	0.331	7.0 (4.0, 10.0)	8.0 (5.0, 10.0)	0.206
OBI
Personal fatigue	50.0 (40.0, 60.0)	40.0 (35.0, 50.0)	0.001*	50.0 (30.0, 60.0)	40.0 (35.0, 55.0)	0.113	50.0 (35.0, 60.0)	40.0 (35.0, 50.0)	0.004*
Job fatigue	50.0 (35.0, 60.0)	40.0 (30.0, 50.0)	0.008*	45.0 (30.0, 55.0)	40.0 (30.0, 50.0)	0.281	50.0 (30.0, 60.0)	40.0 (30.0, 50.0)	0.016*
Job overcommitment	45.0 (30.0, 55.0)	35.0 (30.0, 50.0)	0.035*	50.0 (30.0, 55.0)	35.0 (30.0, 50.0)	0.098	45.0 (30.0, 55.0)	35.0 (30.0, 50.0)	0.062
Service target fatigue	45.8 (29.2, 62.5)	41.7 (25.0, 54.2)	0.113	45.8 (33.3, 54.2)	41.7 (25.0, 54.2)	0.190	45.8 (29.2, 62.5)	41.7 (25.0, 54.2)	0.075

Notes: Ordinal data are presented as the median and interquartile range.

* Indicates a significant difference between two groups.

Abbreviations: PVS, phantom vibration syndrome; PRS, phantom ringing syndrome; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; OBI, Occupational Burnout Inventory.

Table 3 Correlations between OBI and HADS

			HADS (n=384)
			Anxiety	Depression
OBI (n=376)	Personal fatigue	Spearman’s ρ P-value	0.549 <0.001	0.443 <0.001
	Job fatigue	Spearman’s ρ P-value	0.477 <0.001	0.406 <0.001
	Job overcommitment	Spearman’s ρ P-value	0.324 <0.001	0.272 <0.001
	Service target fatigue	Spearman’s ρ P-value	0.410 <0.001	0.318 <0.001

Abbreviations: HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; OBI, Occupational Burnout Inventory.

Table 4 Univariate associations of subject characteristics, OBI and HADS, with PVS, PRS, and “PVS or PRS”

		PVS (n=378)		PRS (n=373)		PVS or PRS (n=375)
		Crude OR (95% CI)	P-value	Crude OR (95% CI)	P-value	Crude OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age (years)		0.98 (0.94, 1.01)	0.224	1.00 (0.95, 1.04)	0.799	0.97 (0.94, 1.01)	0.131
Sex	Male	Reference		Reference		Reference
	Female	0.81 (0.49, 1.34)	0.420	2.01 (1.11, 3.65)	0.022*	1.06 (0.67, 1.69)	0.796
Education	High school or lower	Reference		Reference		Reference
	College or above	2.05 (1.15, 3.65)	0.014*	1.39 (0.72, 2.69)	0.324	1.90 (1.12, 3.22)	0.017*
Marital status	Single	Reference		Reference		Reference
	Married	0.87 (0.53, 1.45)	0.599	1.28 (0.69, 2.37)	0.440	0.88 (0.55, 1.42)	0.600
	Divorced/widowed	2.08 (0.47, 9.16)	0.332	1.03 (0.12, 8.88)	0.977	1.60 (0.37, 6.98)	0.535
Work hours	Fixed 1st shift (9.00 am to 5.00 pm)	Reference		Reference		Reference
	Shift work	1.43 (0.82, 2.49)	0.210	0.68 (0.32, 1.42)	0.303	1.29 (0.76, 2.18)	0.346
	Fixed 2nd shift (5.00 pm to 1.00 am) and 3rd shift (1.00 am to 9.00 pm)	0.54 (0.15, 1.86)	0.324	0.22 (0.03, 1.68)	0.144	0.39 (0.11, 1.34)	0.135
Work duration (years)		0.99 (0.95, 1.04)	0.630	1.01 (0.96, 1.06)	0.635	1.00 (0.96, 1.04)	0.923
Work hours per day (hours)		1.09 (0.97, 1.23)	0.147	0.98 (0.85, 1.13)	0.795	1.11 (0.99, 1.24)	0.074
Work hours per week (hours)		1.01 (0.99, 1.03)	0.365	1.00 (0.97, 1.02)	0.798	1.01 (0.99, 1.04)	0.212
HADS
Anxiety		1.01 (0.95, 1.07)	0.857	0.99 (0.92, 1.07)	0.790	0.99 (0.93, 1.05)	0.634
Depression		0.98 (0.92, 1.05)	0.567	0.98 (0.91, 1.06)	0.603	0.97 (0.92, 1.03)	0.386
OBI
Personal fatigue		1.02 (1.01, 1.03)	0.002*	1.01 (1.00, 1.03)	0.100	1.02 (1.00, 1.03)	0.010*
Job fatigue		1.02 (1.01, 1.03)	0.008*	1.01 (1.00, 1.03)	0.199	1.02 (1.00, 1.03)	0.019*
Job overcommitment		1.01 (1.00, 1.03)	0.085	1.01 (0.99, 1.03)	0.187	1.01 (1.00, 1.02)	0.147
Service target fatigue		1.01 (1.00, 1.03)	0.033*	1.01 (1.00, 1.03)	0.122	1.01 (1.00, 1.02)	0.045*

Note:

* Indicates a significant association.

Abbreviations: HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; OBI, Occupational Burnout Inventory; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PVS, phantom vibration syndrome; PRS, phantom ringing syndrome.

Table 5 Multivariate associations of OBI with PVS, PRS, and “PVS or PRS”

	PVS (n=378)		PRS (n=373)		PVS or PRS (n=375)
	Adjusted OR# (95% CI)	P-value	Adjusted OR# (95% CI)	P-value	Adjusted OR# (95% CI)	P-value
OBI
Personal fatigue	1.03 (1.01, 1.04)	0.001*	1.01 (1.00, 1.03)	0.133	1.02 (1.01, 1.03)	0.006*
Job fatigue	1.03 (1.01, 1.04)	<0.001*	1.02 (1.00, 1.03)	0.098	1.02 (1.01, 1.04)	0.003*
Job overcommitment	1.01 (0.99, 1.03)	0.251	1.01 (0.99, 1.03)	0.392	1.01 (0.99, 1.02)	0.353
Service target fatigue	1.03 (1.01, 1.04)	<0.001*	1.02 (1.00, 1.04)	0.016*	1.02 (1.01, 1.04)	0.001*

Notes:

# Adjusted for age, sex, and education.

* Indicates a significant association.

Abbreviations: HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; OBI, Occupational Burnout Inventory; CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio; PVS, phantom vibration syndrome; PRS, phantom ringing syndrome.