Medium-to-high prevalence of screening-detected parkinsonism in the urban area of Tehran, Iran: data from a community-based door-to-door study

Figures & data

Figure 1 Population pyramid of the study participants (n=19,500), showing the number of males and females in each age category.

Table 1 Sociodemographic and baseline characteristics of the study population (n=19,500)

Characteristics	Value
Age, years
Mean (SD)	56.5 (10.2)
Sex, n (%)
Female	12,907 (66.2)
Male	6,593 (33.8)
Level of education, n (%)
Illiterate	3,266 (17.2)
Primary school	5,344 (28.1)
Secondary school	3,365 (17.7)
High school/diploma	4,781 (25.1)
College/university	2,267 (11.9)
Missing values	477
Marital status, n (%)
Single	316 (1.7)
Married	15,147 (81.8)
Widowed	2,703 (14.6)
Divorced	354 (1.9)
Missing values	980
Comorbidities, n (%)
Heart failure	2,657 (13.6)
Hypertension	5,838 (29.9)
Osteoarthritis	3,519 (18.0)
Diabetes	3,516 (18.0)
Stroke	431 (2.2)
Cancers	199 (1.0)
Working status, n (%)
Unemployed	570 (3.2)
Employed	2,831 (15.9)
Paid without working	324 (1.8)
Housekeeper	9,584 (53.8)
Retired	3,989 (22.4)
Others	520 (2.9)
Missing values	1,682

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Crude numbers and prevalence rate of screened cases suspicious for parkinsonism in each age and sex category and in total study population using different screening instruments

Age-group (years)	Self-reported history			SNES items			WHO-modified items			Tanner et al^Citation24 items			Fereshtehnejad et al^Citation20 items
	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female	Total
30–34	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
35–39	3	0	3	0	3	3	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1
40–44	4	3	7	2	5	7	2	0	2	0	3	3	1	1	2
45–49	5	10	15	3	7	10	2	5	7	1	4	5	4	9	13
50–54	5	20	25	11	22	33	8	10	18	4	7	11	7	14	21
55–59	3	10	13	8	14	22	6	7	13	2	4	6	5	11	16
60–64	4	5	9	12	16	28	2	11	13	3	4	7	5	17	22
65–69	13	7	20	11	6	17	5	7	12	10	1	11	14	10	24
70–74	10	9	19	16	10	26	11	8	19	3	5	8	12	12	24
≥75	20	11	31	16	12	28	16	8	24	6	3	9	23	11	34
Total	67	75	142	79	95	174	52	57	109	29	31	60	71	86	157
Rate (per 100,000)	1,016	581	728.2 (620–860)	1,198	736	892.3 (770–1,030)	789	442	559.0 (460–670)	440	240	307.7 (240–400)	1,077	666	805.1 (690–940)

Note: The 95% confidence intervals for the crude prevalence rates are shown in parentheses.

Abbreviations: SNES, Sicilian Neuro-Epidemiology Study; WHO, World Health Organization.

Figure 2 Sex-specific age-adjusted prevalence rate of suspicious parkinsonism using the validated instrument by Fereshtehnejad et al²⁰ in different age categories based on Tehran census population.

Figure 3 Trend analysis for the age- and sex-adjusted prevalence rate of parkinsonism in different age categories based on Tehran census population.

Table 3 Age- and sex-adjusted rates of screened cases suspicious for parkinsonism using different screening instruments in each age category and in total study population based on Tehran census population (TP) and WHO World Standard population (WP)

Age-group (years)	Self-reported history		SNES items		WHO-modified items		Tanner et al^Citation24 items		Fereshtehnejad et al^Citation20 items
	TP (n)	WP (rate per 100,000)	TP (n)	WP (rate per 100,000)	TP (n)	WP (rate per 100,000)	TP (n)	WP (rate per 100,000)	TP (n)	WP (rate per 100,000)
30–34	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
35–39	2,258.2	0	938.8	0	312.9	0	0	0	312.9	0
40–44	485.8	0	360.6	0	192.5	0	100.9	0	129.9	0
45–49	597.9	36.1	382.7	23.1	263.2	15.9	167.6	10.1	502.3	30.3
50–54	590.3	31.7	919	49.4	564.9	30.3	316.9	17	584.8	31.4
55–59	355.3	16.2	681.8	31	437.9	19.9	180.9	8.2	473.3	21.5
60–64	318	11.8	980.1	36.5	381.5	14.2	245	9.1	678.9	25.3
65–69	1,177.8	34.9	1,000	29.6	642	19	713.7	21.1	1,376.4	40.7
70–74	1,455.6	32.2	2,011.9	44.5	1,464.2	32.4	602.4	13.3	1,833.2	40.5
≥75	2,877.2	88	2,683.8	82.1	2,206.2	67.5	827.3	25.3	3,111.7	95.2
Total age- and sex- adjusted rate (per 100,000)	199.2 (150–270)	250.8 (212–290)	234.4 (180–310)	296.0 (250–342)	156.6 (110–230)	199.2 (168–230)	82.7 (50–130)	104.2 (88–121)	222.9 (160–300)	284.9 (240–330)

Note: The 95% confidence intervals for the total age- and sex-adjusted rates are shown in parentheses.

Abbreviations: SNES, Sicilian Neuro-Epidemiology Study; WHO, World Health Organization.

Figure 4 Global standardized prevalence rate of Parkinson’s disease using different data-collection methods in different countries from each of the six World Health Organization regions.

Note: The star shows our own estimation from Iran.
Abbreviation: PRC, People’s Republic of China.

Figure 5 Local/national standardized prevalence rate of Parkinson’s disease using different data-collection methods in different countries from each of the six World Health Organization regions.

Note: The star shows our own estimation from Iran.

Table S1 Age and sex distribution of Tehran population in 2008 (data from national census)

Age-group (years)	Male	Female	Total
<30	2,097,402	2,005,204	4,102,606
30–34	340,033	323,189	663,222
35–39	323,596	308,614	632,210
40–44	284,518	278,637	563,155
45–49	242,200	242,581	484,781
50–54	201,377	193,046	394,423
55–59	146,004	138,206	284,210
60–64	111,524	103,114	214,638
65–69	86,856	78,324	165,180
70–74	72,204	64,186	136,390
≥75	80,705	82,363	163,068
Total	3,986,419	3,817,464	7,803,883

TannerCMGilleyDWGoetzCGA brief screening questionnaire for parkinsonismAnn Neurol199028267268

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FereshtehnejadSMShafieesabetMRahmaniAA novel 6-item screening questionnaire for parkinsonism: validation and comparison between different instrumentsNeuroepidemiology2014433–417819325402276

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