Prefronto–cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation improves visuospatial memory, executive functions, and neurological soft signs in patients with euthymic bipolar disorder

Figures & data

Table 1 Clinical and sociodemographic data

Patients (n)	25
Age, years (mean ± standard deviation)	41.9±12.62
Sex
Males (n)	8
Females (n)	17
Civil status
Married (n)	8
Single (n)	11
Others (divorced + widowed) (n)	6
Number of years in school
≤9 (n)	6
>9 (n)	19
Diagnosis
Bipolar disorder I (n)	15
Bipolar disorder II (n)	10
Disease duration, years (mean ± standard deviation)	17.08±12.05
Age at onset of illness, years (mean ± standard deviation)	28.79±12.60
Psychiatric medication
Lithium (n)	12
Anticonvulsants (n)	17
Atypical (n)	17
Benzodiazepines (n)	10
Antidepressants (n)	5

Figure 1 Mean scores and standard deviations of neuropsychological and NES assessments pre- and post-tDCS.

Note: *P<0.05.
Abbreviations: NES, Neurological Evaluation Scale; RCFT, Rey Complex Figure Test; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation.

Table 2 Mean scores of neuropsychological and NES assessments pre-tDCS and post-tDCS

	Pre-tDCS evaluation	Post-tDCS evaluation	P-value
Neuropsychological evaluation
RCFT copy	26.29±5.76	28.00±7.66	0.41
LBP patients	21.95±4.50	27.19±4.58	0.01*
HBP patients	31.00±1.99	28.91±10.41	0.50
RCFT delay	8.42±6.22	13.71±6.51	0.01*
LBP patients	3.37±3.41	9.04±4.26	<0.01*
HBP patients	13.37±4.26	17.74±5.67	0.06
NES
Motor coordination	1.91±1.54	0.39±0.65	<0.01*
Motor sequencing	3.77±2.84	2.22±2.61	0.06
Sensory integration	2.00±1.48	1.43±1.85	0.26
Total score	11.77±6.48	5.91±4.44	<0.01*

Note:

* P<0.05. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Abbreviations: HBP, high baseline performances; LBP, low baseline performances; NES, Neurological Evaluation Scale; RCFT, Rey Complex Figure Test; tDCS, transcranial direct current stimulation.