Employment and the associated impact on quality of life in people diagnosed with schizophrenia

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow chart of the literature search.

Notes: Reasons for exclusion: 2= not performed in a Western country or Japan or Hong Kong; 3= people with schizophrenia not explicitly included; 4= no (un)employment rate described; 5= case study; 6= study on vocational rehabilitation therapy or vocational support programs; 7= duplicate sources; 8= full text publication unavailable; 9= studies including selective samples or convenience samples were excluded; 10= study sample had <100 subjects.

Table 1 Studies reporting on employment in people diagnosed with schizophrenia

Author	Study design	N	Country	Single/multicenter	Exclusion criteria	In-/outpatients	Study population characteristics	Employed (%)	Remark
Abdel-Baki et al^Citation19	Cohort Baseline + FU	Baseline: n=142; 2-yr FU: n=111; 5-yr FU: n=97; 10-to 16-yr FU: n=78; 5-yr FU: n=78	Canada	Multicenter	Schizoaffective and other psychotic disorders	In-and outpatients	Baseline: Age (median): 24.4 yrs Males: 71.1% Length of illness: close to illness onset Alcohol/substance abuse: 27.5% (at some point) PANSS: NR	Baseline: 20.1%; 2-yr FU: 14.9%; 5-yr FU: 22.6%; 10-to 16-yr FU: 17.9%	Employment not specified
Alonso et al^Citation20	Cohort Baseline	9,340	Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK	Multicenter	NR	Outpatients	Age (mean): 40 yrs Males: 57.9% Length of illness: 11.3 yrs Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS: NR	19.7%	Paid employment, not further specified
Ascher-Svanum et al^Citation21	Cohort Baseline + 3-yr FU	2,175	USA	Multicenter	NR	NR	Baseline: Age (mean): 42.1 yrs Males: 61.4% Length of illness: 21.6 yrs Alcohol/substance abuse: 27.1% PANSS neg: 18.3 PANSS pos: 16.1	Baseline: 21.1% 3-yr FU: 21.5%	Paid employment, not further specified
Barbui et al^Citation22	RCT Baseline	409	UK, Italy, the Netherlands, Germany	Multicenter	Treatment by forensic psych services, alcohol/drug dependence, moderate/severe mental handicap	NR. Probably outpatients	Age (mean): 41.5 yrs Males: 59.9% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS: NR	Unemployed 44.7%	Not specified
Bobes et al^Citation23	Cross-sectional Baseline	1,452	Spain	Multicenter	NR	Outpatients receiving commonly used oral antipsychotic treatment	Age (mean): 40.7 yrs (range 18–74 yrs) Males: 60.9% Length of illness: 15.5 yrs Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS neg: 20.6 PANSS pos: 14.8	Active 19.8% Sick leave 6.1% Disability pension 47.5%; unemployed 17%	Employment not specified
Boyer et al^Citation24	Cross-sectional Baseline	113	France	Single-center	Mental retardation, unstable condition 2 months before inclusion	Outpatients	Age (mean): 38.6 yrs Males: 69.9% Length of illness: 13.9 yrs Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS: NR	14.2%	Employment not specified
Caron et al^Citation25	Cohort Baseline	181	Canada	Multicenter	Physical illness, neurological disorders; acute symptoms; treatment through mental health services <2 yrs	Outpatients + probably <10% inpatients	Age (mean): 40.3 yrs Males: 76% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS: NR	7.2%	Patients with income from paid employment
Cechnicki et al^Citation26	Cross-sectional Baseline	202	Poland	Multicenter	Presence of acute symptoms	In-and outpatients	Age (mean): 39.9 yrs Males: 49% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS: NR	2% full time; 5.4% part time Sheltered job 5%; pension/disability 68.3%	Employment not specified
Chwastiak et al^Citation27	RCT Baseline	1,424	USA	Multicenter	First episode or history of only 1 episode; unstable medical condition, treatment refractory/resistance, schizoaffective disorder, mental retardation/other cognitive disorder; cardiac disorders	Both inpatients and outpatients	Age (mean): 40.6 yrs Males: 75% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS neg: 20.1 PANSS pos: 18.4	26% Earned income 14%; other vocational activity 12%	Employment rate = earned income or noncompetitive employment activities (volunteer work; workshop; prevocational programs)
Compton et al^Citation28	Cross-sectional survey Baseline	248	USA	Multicenter	Other diagnoses than schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder and schizoaffective disorder were excluded	In-and outpatients	Age (mean): 42.9 yrs Males: 64.3% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: 27.4% PANSS: NR	Not working: 83%	Not further specified
Cuyún Carter et al^Citation29	Cross-sectional Baseline	1,635	USA	Multicenter	Participating in clinical drug trial within 30 days prior to enrollment	In-and outpatients (93.5%)	Age (mean): 42.3 yrs Males: 61.2% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: 26.3% PANSS neg: 18.3 PANSS pos: 18.5	20.6%	Employment not specified
Giugiario et al^Citation30	Cross-sectional	253	Italy	Single-center	Clinical unstable. Patients with other employment than competitive were excluded	Outpatients	Age (mean): 40.1 yrs Males: 57.9% Length of illness: 14.3 yrs Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS neg: 19.6 PANSS pos: 14.5	30.0%	Competitive employment: Job paid min wage or higher, not contracted with a social service agency
Gureje et al^Citation31	Cross sectional	582	Australia	NR	NR (Sample derived from data of the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing)	In-and outpatients	Age (mean): 38.7 yrs Males: 66.5% Length of illness: 14.8 yrs Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS: NR	Unemployed: 76.3%; On disability/sickness pension 79%	No definition reported
Hansson et al^Citation32	RCT	507	Spain, the Netherlands, UK, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland	Multicenter	No severe organic psychiatric illness or primary substance abuse	Outpatients	Age (mean): 42.2 yrs Males: 66.2% Length of illness:15.9 yrs Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS: NR	Unemployed 36.0%	Not specified
Henry et al^Citation33	Cohort FU (mean FU 6.9 yrs)	361	Australia	Single-center	Drug-/alcohol-induced psychosis	In-and outpatients	Baseline: Age (mean): 21.9 (baseline range 14–30 yrs) Males: 77% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS neg: NR PANSS pos: NR	36.3% (part time or full time) Unemployed/Government benefits 57.6%	Employment not specified
Hofer et al^Citation34	Cross sectional	140	Austria	Multicenter	Clinical unstable; suffering from any other axis I disorder, including substance abuse	Outpatients disorders	Age (mean): 40.2 yrs Males: 60% Length of illness: 11.2 yrs Alcohol/substance abuse: 0% PANSS neg: 15.7 PANSS pos: 11.2	8.6% (full time) 7.1% (part time) Supported employment 12.1%; training 7.9%; unemployed 65.7%	Competitive employment
Holthausen et al^Citation35	Cohort 2-yr FU	103	the Netherlands	Multicenter	Severe mental retardation, systemic or neurological illness	NR	Baseline: Age (mean): 23.6 yrs Males: 74.8% Length of illness: onset within 2 yrs before inclusion Alcohol/substance abuse: 68% PANSS: NR	20.4%	Competitive employment or studying with a scholarship
Honkonen et al^Citation36	Cohort 3-yr FU	2,168	Finland	Multicenter	NR. Included 3 cohorts of persons with schizophrenia 3 years after discharge from psychiatric hospital (discharged 1986, 1990, and 1994). Representing patients with long-term schizophrenia	NR	Age (mean): 39.2 Males: 66.5% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS: NR	Overall after 3 yrs: 4%	Part-time or full-time competitive employment (including self-employed, farmers, farmers’ wives)
Karadayi et al^Citation37	Cross-sectional	102	Turkey	Single-center	Hospitalized/having relapse within the last 3 months; severe physical disorder	Outpatients	Age (mean): 31.5 yrs Males: 59.8% Length of illness: 9.9 yrs Alcohol/substance abuse: 2% PANSS neg: 13.0 PANSS pos: 11.2	37.3%	Employment was a part-time or full-time working activity with payment or attending school
Kulkarni et al^Citation38	Cohort Baseline + 3-yr FU	347 276	Australia	Multicenter	NR	In-and outpatients	Baseline: Age (mean) age: 33.8 yrs Males: 62% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS neg: 18.3 PANSS pos: 16.7	Baseline: 11% 3-yr FU 16%	Paid employment, not further specified
Lambert et al^Citation39	Cohort Baseline	2,960	Germany	NR	Bipolar disorder, substance induced psychosis or psychosis due to medical condition	Outpatients	Age (mean): 42.3 yrs Males: 49.4% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: 19.7% PANSS: NR	42.6%	Full or part time (not further specified) or attending school/university
Mackell et al^Citation40	Cross-sectional	332	USA	NR	NR	NR. Probably outpatients	Age (mean): 39.6 yrs Males: 72.6% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: 5% PANSS: NR	20.5%	Paid employment, not further specified
Marwaha et al^Citation41	Cohort 2-yr FU	1,086	UK, Germany, France	Multicenter	Continuously in hospital for the previous 12 months; currently homeless	NR	Refer to Marwaha et al42	27.3%	Full-or part-time jobs, including sheltered employment and voluntary work
Marwaha et al^Citation42	Cross-sectional Baseline	1,208	France, Germany, UK	Multicenter	Continuously in hospital for the previous 12 months; currently homeless	NR	Age (mean): 40.8 Males: 61.5% Length of illness: 14.4 Abuse: alcohol 2.9%; substance 1.1% PANSS neg: 15.8 PANSS pos: 12.4	21.5% (never employed 7.9%)	Full-or part-time jobs, including sheltered employment and voluntary work
Mausbach et al^Citation43	Cross-sectional Baseline	367	USA	NR	NR (patients with Jewish background participating in genetic studies)	Outpatients or patients in residential treatment setting (10.6%)	Age (mean): 50.5 yrs (range 21–78 yrs) Males: 62.9% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS neg: 16.1 PANSS pos: 15.6	31.9% (sheltered employment 7.1%)	Employed is nonsheltered job for at least 20 hr per week
McCreadie^Citation44	Cross-sectional	316	Scotland	Multicenter	NR	In-and outpatients	Age (mean): 45 yrs Males: 62% Length of illness: 8 yrs Abuse: alcohol 20%/substance 16% PANSS: NR	8%	Paid employment, not further specified
Mechanic et al^Citation45	Cross-sectional	320	USA	Multicenter	NR. Data were derived from the National Health Interview survey on disability 1994/95	Outpatients	Age (mean): NR Males: NR Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS: NR	Employed 22.5% (CI: 18%–27%) (full-time employed) (≥35 hr) 12% (CI: 8%–16%)	Employed: have been working in the past 2 weeks and not laid off
Middelboe et al^Citation46	Cross-sectional	418	Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland	Multicenter	NR. (incl duration of ≥1 year since diagnosed; aged 25–55 years at inclusion; noninstitutional living situation)	Outpatients	Age (mean): 39 yrs Males: 65% Length of illness: 15 yrs Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS: NR	12%	Employment not specified
Mueser et al^Citation47	RCT Baseline + FU	313	USA	Multicenter	Current/recent dependence on alcohol or drugs. Not willing to take fluphenazine decanoate injections	NR. Probably outpatients	Mean age: 29.6 yrs (range 19–55) Males: 66.1% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: 0% PANSS: NR	Baseline: 9.7% (+6.8% other vocational activity, incl sheltered work, volunteer, vocational training, and casual labor) 1-yr FU: 23.3 2-yr FU 21.0	Competitive employment
Ramsay et al^Citation48	Cross-sectional	181	USA	Multicenter	No history of outpatient treatment for psychosis or prior hospitalization for psychosis more than 3 months before the admission	Inpatients at inclusion Aged 18–40 yrs	Age (mean): 23.36 yrs Males: 74% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: 55.3% PANSS neg: 21.3 PANSS pos: 23.8	Unemployed 65%	Unemployed during month prior to hospitalization
Resnick et al^Citation49	RCT Baseline	1,121	USA	NR	NR	NR	Age (mean): 41 Males: 73.8% Length of illness: NR Abuse: alcohol 6.5%/substance 10% PANSS neg: 20.25 PANSS pos: 18.3	Full time 7.8% part time 10.2%	Paid employment Whether competitive, transitional or sheltered
Rosen and Garety^Citation50	Cohort Baseline	394	UK	Multicenter	IQ <70, drug/alcohol abuse as primary problem	In-and outpatients	Age (mean): 28.8 yrs (range 16–45) Males: 58.4% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: 22.8% (current or earlier) PANSS: NR	41.2% Students 11.6%
Slade and Salkever^Citation51	Cohort Baseline	1,643	USA	Multicenter	NR	NR. Probably in and outpatients	Age (mean) age: 42 yrs (range 18–78) Males: 63% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS: NR	21.8% (11.6% nonsupported jobs 10.2% in sheltered or supported jobs)	Working for pay in last 4 weeks
Spellmann et al^Citation52	Cohort Baseline + 1-yr FU	211	Germany	Multicenter	Major medical illness; alcohol or drug dependency	Baseline: treated as inpatients FU: probably all outpatients	(1-yr FU) Age (mean): 36.6 yrs Males: 52.6% Length of illness: 8.0 yrs Alcohol/substance abuse: 0% PANSS neg: 14.81 PANSS pos: 10.46	Baseline: 50.4% (unemployed 29.8%, retired 19.8%) 1-yr FU 43.1% (unemployed 34.1%; retired 16.1%)	Employment not specified
Thornicroft et al^Citation53	Cross-sectional	404	the Netherlands, Denmark, UK, Spain, Italy	Multicenter	Current residence in prison, secure residential services or hostels for long-term patients, mental retardation, dementia or severe organic disorder, extended inpatient treatment episode >1 yr	NR. Probably in and outpatients	Age (mean): 41.8 years Males: 57% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS: NR	17%, sheltered work 4%	Employment (not specified) or student, sheltered work excluded
Thorup et al^Citation54	RCT Baseline	388	Denmark	Multicenter	Patients with psychiatry symptoms due to organic condition	NR	Age (mean): NR Males: 60.6% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: 30.7% PANSS: NR	19.6%	Job or education during the whole preceding year
Üçok et al^Citation55	Cross-sectional Baseline	295	France, Belgium, Germany, Israel, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, UK	Multicenter	NR	NR	Age (mean): 43.7 years Males: 44.7% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS neg: 20.7 PANSS pos: 16.9	17.2% (unemployed 65.7%)	Employed: working in full-time or part-time paid job (students excluded)
Usall et al^Citation56	Cohort Baseline	239	Spain	Multicenter	Primary diagnosis of alcohol/drug abuse; mental retardation; neurological disease or head trauma	Outpatients	Age (mean): 38.9 yrs Males: 64% Length of illness: 16.8 Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS neg: 26.1 PANSS pos: 14.4	27.2%	Employment not specified
Uzun et al^Citation57	Cohort Baseline	116	Turkey	Single-center	Concomitant neurological or organic brain syndrome or diagnosed with brief drug-related psychoses	Outpatients	Age (median): 59 yrs Males: 54.2% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: 5.2% PANSS: NR	9.5% (students: 4.3%; unemployed: 86.2%)	Employment not specified
Waghorn et al^Citation58	Cross-sectional	385	Australia	NA	Long stay hospital inpatients (≥9 weeks)	In-and outpatients	Age (mean): NR Males: 66.5% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: 43.1% (lifetime) PANSS: NR	Employed 15.8% Unemployed, studying or retired: 84.2%	Employment part time or full time, not further specified
West et al^Citation59	Cross-sectional Baseline	151	USA	Multicenter	NR	NR	Age (mean): NR Males: 66% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: 18% PANSS: NR	20% (full-or part-time) Unemployed due to disability 75% Other(including students, retired) 5%	Employment not specified
Xie et al^Citation60	RCT of care management Baseline + FU	152	USA	Multicenter	NR Note: This is a selective sample (dual diagnosis: schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and co-occurring substance abuse/dependence)	In-and outpatients	Baseline: Age (mean): 32.4 yrs Males: 77.6% Length of illness: NR Alcohol/substance abuse: Alcohol 82.7%; cannabis 45%; cocaine 15.2%; other drugs 17.2% PANSS: NR	Baseline: 6%; FU 1 yr: 14%; FU 2 yrs: 15%; FU 3 yrs: 24%	Competitive job in preceding year, not further specified
Ye et al^Citation61	Cohort Baseline + 1-yr FU	258	Japan	Multicenter	Patients not treated with risperidone	In-and outpatients	Age (mean): 42 yrs Males: 49.2% Length of illness: 14.1 yrs Alcohol/substance abuse: NR PANSS: NR	Baseline: overall 9.4%; (outpatients 15.1% inpatients 2.6%) 1-yr FU: 14.4% (outpatients 21.3%; inpatients 6.5%)	Employment is working for pay

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; FU, follow up; IQ, intelligence quotient; NR, not reported; PANSS, positive and negative syndrome scale; RCT, randomized controlled trial; hr, hour; incl, including; pos, positive; neg, negative.

Table 2 Employment and health-related quality of life

Author	Cross-sectional design (Y/N)	N	Country	In/outpatients	Multi/single-center	HRQoL instrument	Type of HRQoL instrument	Result on relationship employment-HRQoL
Alonso et al^Citation20	Y (cohort at baseline and follow-up)	9,340	Europe	Outpatients	Multicenter	EQ-5D™	Generic, preference-based	Baseline utility scores were significantly higher (P<0.0001) for patients with paid employment compared with patients without. Also, paid employment was associated with greater improvement in utility score in the first and third year after treatment with antipsychotics
Boyer et al^Citation24	Y	113	France	Outpatients	Single-center	S-QoL 18	Disease-specific (for patients with schizophrenia)	Significant relationship between being employed and psychological well-being (based on multiple linear regression analysis)
Caron et al^Citation25	Y (cohort at baseline)	181	Canada	Outpatients + probably <10% inpatients	Multicenter	Wisconsin QoL Index (CaW-QLI)	Generic, descriptive	Employed clients had higher QoL scores on the domains of physical health, social relation and support, and a higher global QoL score
Eklund et al^Citation62	Y	74	Sweden	Outpatients	Single-center	Lancashire Quality of Life Profile	Disease-specific (for patients with severe psychiatric disorders)	Employed people had a significant better interviewer-rated HRQoL, self-rated HRQoL, and self-esteem
Marwaha et al^Citation63	Y	1,208	Europe		Multicenter	Lehman’s QOLI	Disease-specific (for persons with severe mental illness)	Employment status was significantly associated with subjective QoL score (B=0.18, P=0.002)
Palmer et al^Citation64	Y	82	USA	Inpatients		QWB	Generic, preference-based	QWB total score was significantly correlated with being historically employed (r=0.27, P<0.05)
Rosenheck et al^Citation65	Y (cohort at baseline)	1,424	USA	In-and outpatients	Multicenter	Heinrichs-Carpenter QoL Scale	Disease-specific (for patients with schizophrenia)	Patients with competitive paid employment scored significantly higher (P<0.0001) on all domains of the QLS than did patients with other or no vocational activity On the domains “instrumental activity” and “object/activity”, patients with competitive employment scored higher than did patients in other kinds of employment who, in turn, scored higher than those not working
Thornicroft et al^Citation53	Y	404	Europe	NR probably in and outpatients	Multicenter	Lancashire Quality of Life Profile	Disease-specific (for patients with severe psychiatric disorders)	Having work is a significant predictor of subjective HRQoL (not specified)
Xie et al^Citation60	Y (QoL and employment at follow-up treatment study)	152	USA	In-and outpatients	Multicenter	Lehman’s QOLI	Disease-specific (for persons with severe mental illness)	No significant correlation (P=0.05) was found between QOLI-general life satisfaction score and having a competitive job in the past year

Abbreviations: CaW-QLI, the Wisconsin Quality of Life Index-Canadian version; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; NR, not reported; QLS, quality of life scale; QoL, quality of life; QOLI, quality of life interview; QWB, quality of wellbeing; S-QoL, subjective quality of life.

Abdel-BakiALesageANicoleLCossetteMSalvatELalondePSchizophrenia, an illness with bad outcome: myth or reality?Can J Psychiatry20115629210121333036

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

AlonsoJCroudaceTBrownJHealth-related quality of life (HRQL) and continuous antipsychotic treatment: 3-year results from the Schizophrenia Health Outcomes (SOHO) studyValue Health200912453654319900255

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Ascher-SvanumHZhuBFariesDPengXKinonBJTohenMTardive dyskinesia and the 3-year course of schizophrenia: results from a large, prospective, naturalistic studyJ Clin Psychiatry200869101580158819192441

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

BarbuiCKikkertMMazziMAComparison of patient and clinician perspectives in the assessment of antipsychotic medication adherencePsychopathology200942531131719672133

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

BobesJArangoCGarcia-GarciaMRejasJCLAMORS Study Collaborative GroupPrevalence of negative symptoms in outpatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders treated with antipsychotics in routine clinical practice: findings from the CLAMORS studyJ Clin Psychiatry201071328028619895779

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

BoyerLAghababianVRichieriRInsight into illness, neurocognition and quality of life in schizophreniaProg Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry201236227127622019603

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

CaronJMercierCDiazPMartinASocio-demographic and clinical predictors of quality of life in patients with schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorderPsychiatry Res2005137320321316298428

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

CechnickiAAngermeyerMCBielańskaAAnticipated and experienced stigma among people with schizophrenia: its nature and correlatesSoc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol201146764365020495975

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

ChwastiakLARosenheckRAMcEvoyJPKeefeRSSwartzMSLiebermanJAInterrelationships of psychiatric symptom severity, medical comorbidity, and functioning in schizophreniaPsychiatr Serv20065781102110916870960

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

ComptonMTRudischBEWeissPSWestJCKaslowNJPredictors of psychiatrist-reported treatment-compliance problems among patients in routine U.S. psychiatric carePsychiatry Res20051371–2293616223527

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Cuyún CarterGBMiltonDRAscher-SvanumHFariesDESustained favorable long-term outcome in the treatment of schizophrenia: a 3-year prospective observational studyBMC Psychiatry20111114321871092

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

GiugiarioMCrivelliBMingroneCCognitive function and competitive employment in schizophrenia: relative contribution of insight and psychopathologySoc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol201247455356121451974

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

GurejeOHerrmanHHarveyCMorganVJablenskyAThe Australian National Survey of Psychotic Disorders: profile of psychosocial disability and its risk factorsPsychol Med200232463964712102378

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HanssonLSvenssonBBjörkmanTWhat works for whom in a computer-mediated communication intervention in community psychiatry? Moderators of outcome in a cluster randomized trialActa Psychiatr Scand2008118540440918759805

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HenryLPAmmingerGPHarrisMGThe EPPIC follow-up study of first-episode psychosis: longer-term clinical and functional outcome 7 years after index admissionJ Clin Psychiatry201071671672820573330

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HoferABodnerTKaufmannASymptomatic remission and neurocognitive functioning in patients with schizophreniaPsychol Med201141102131213921426601

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HolthausenEAWiersmaDCahnWPredictive value of cognition for different domains of outcome in recent-onset schizophreniaPsychiatry Res20071491–3718017141329

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

HonkonenTStengårdEVirtanenMSalokangasRKEmployment predictors for discharged schizophrenia patientsSoc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol200742537238017492406

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

KaradayiGEmiroğluBUçokARelationship of symptomatic remission with quality of life and functionality in patients with schizophreniaCompr Psychiatry201152670170721296345

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

KulkarniJde CastellaARFiliaKMAustralian Schizophrenia Care and Assessment Programme: real-world schizophrenia: outcomesAust N Z J Psychiatry2007411296997917999269

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

LambertMSchimmelmannBGNaberDPrediction of remission as a combination of symptomatic and functional remission and adequate subjective well-being in 2,960 patients with schizophreniaJ Clin Psychiatry200667111690169717196047

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

MackellJAHarrisonDJMcDonnellDDRelationship between preventative physical health care and mental health in individuals with schizophrenia: a survey of caregiversMent Health Serv Res20057422522816320105

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

MarwahaSJohnsonSBebbingtonPEPredictors of employment status change over 2 years in people with schizophrenia living in EuropeEpidemiol Psichiatr Soc200918434435120170050

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

MarwahaSJohnsonSBebbingtonPRates and correlates of employment in people with schizophrenia in the UK, France and GermanyBr J Psychiatry2007191303717602122

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

MausbachBTDeppCABowieCRSensitivity and specificity of the UCSD Performance-based Skills Assessment (UPSA-B) for identifying functional milestones in schizophreniaSchizophr Res20111322–316517021843926

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

McCreadieRGScottish Comorbidity Study GroupUse of drugs, alcohol and tobacco by people with schizophrenia: case-control studyBr J Psychiatry200218132132512356659

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

MechanicDBliderSMcAlpineDDEmploying persons with serious mental illnessHealth Aff (Millwood)200221524225312224889

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

MiddelboeTMackeprangTHanssonLThe Nordic Study on schizophrenic patients living in the community. Subjective needs and perceived helpEur Psychiatry200116420721411418270

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

MueserKTSalyersMPMueserPRA prospective analysis of work in schizophreniaSchizophr Bull200127228129611354595

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

RamsayCEStewartTComptonMTUnemployment among patients with newly diagnosed first-episode psychosis: prevalence and clinical correlates in a U.S. sampleSoc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol201247579780321541697

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

ResnickSGRosenheckRACaniveJMEmployment outcomes in a randomized trial of second-generation antipsychotics and perphenazine in the treatment of individuals with schizophreniaJ Behav Health Serv Res200835221522518246429

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

RosenKGaretyPPredicting recovery from schizophrenia: a retrospective comparison of characteristics at onset of people with single and multiple episodesSchizophr Bull200531373575016123527

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

SladeESalkeverDSymptom effects on employment in a structural model of mental illness and treatment: analysis of patients with schizophreniaJ Ment Health Policy Econ200141253411967463

 PubMedGoogle Scholar

SpellmannIRiedelMSchennachROne-year functional outcomes of naturalistically treated patients with schizophreniaPsychiatry Res2012198337838522421065

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

ThornicroftGTansellaMBeckerTEPSILON Study GroupThe personal impact of schizophrenia in EuropeSchizophr Res2004692–312513215469185

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

ThorupAPetersenLJeppesenPGender differences in young adults with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders at baseline in the Danish OPUS studyJ Nerv Ment Dis2007195539640517502805

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

ÜçokAGorwoodPKaradayıGEGOFORSEmployment and its relationship with functionality and quality of life in patients with schizophrenia: EGOFORS StudyEur Psychiatry201227642242521592736

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

UsallJArayaSOchoaSBusquetsEGostAMárquezMAssessment Research Group in Schizophrenia (NEDES)Gender differences in a sample of schizophrenic outpatientsCompr Psychiatry200142430130511458304

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

UzunOCanseverABasoğluCOzşahinASmoking and substance abuse in outpatients with schizophrenia: a 2-year follow-up study in TurkeyDrug Alcohol Depend200370218719212732412

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

WaghornGChantDJaegerJEmployment functioning and disability among community residents with bipolar affective disorder: results from an Australian community surveyBipolar Disord200791–216618217391359

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

WestJCWilkJEOlfsonMPatterns and quality of treatment for patients with schizophrenia in routine psychiatric practicePsychiatr Serv200556328329115746502

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

XieHMcHugoGJHelmstetterBSDrakeREThree-year recovery outcomes for long-term patients with co-occurring schizophrenic and substance use disordersSchizophr Res2005752–333734815885525

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

YeWFujikoshiSNakaharaNTakahashiMAscher-SvanumHOhmoriTImproved outcomes following a switch to olanzapine treatment from risperidone treatment in a 1-year naturalistic study of schizophrenia patients in JapanPsychiatry Clin Neurosci201266431332122624736

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

EklundMHanssonLBejerholmURelationships between satisfaction with occupational factors and health-related variables in schizophrenia outpatientsSoc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol2001362798311355449

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

MarwahaSJohnsonSBebbingtonPEuroSC Study GroupCorrelates of subjective quality of life in people with schizophrenia: findings from the EuroSC studyJ Nerv Ment Dis20081962879418277215

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

PalmerBWHeatonRKGladsjoJAHeterogeneity in functional status among older outpatients with schizophrenia: employment history, living situation, and drivingSchizophr Res200255320521512048144

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

RosenheckRLeslieDKeefeRCATIE Study Investigators GroupBarriers to employment for people with schizophreniaAm J Psychiatry2006163341141716513861

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar