Markers of neurodevelopmental impairments in early-onset psychosis

Figures & data

Figure 1 Early childhood developmental delays in case and control groups.

Note: *P<0.05.
Abbreviation: EOP, early-onset psychosis.

Table 1 Sociodemographic and clinical features of EOP

	EOP	Controls
Sex
Male, n (%)	23/36 (63.8)	20/36 (55.5)
Female, n (%)	13/36 (36.1)	16/36 (44.5)
Family history of psychiatric disorders, n (%)a	24/36 (68.6)	14/36 (38.8)
Obstetric complications, n (%)	15/36 (44.1)	11/36 (30.5)
Professional help sought for one or more developmental area, n (%)b	19/36 (52.8)	3/36 (8.3)
Age at first psychotic episode (years)	11 (5–16)	N/A
PASc	0.5	N/A
Diagnosis
Schizophrenia, n (%)	14/36 (38.9)	N/A
Schizophreniform disorder, n (%)	7/36 (19.4)	N/A
Schizoaffective disorder, n (%)	3/36 (8.3)	N/A
Psychosis not otherwise specified, n (%)	12/36 (33.3)	N/A
CGAS	37	85

Notes:

a Schizophrenia and related disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance abuse/dependence, personality disorders, and mental retardation;

b psychologist, speech therapist, physical therapist, special education teacher;

c data missing for two cases at baseline. Data are represented as mean total score CGAS (mean total score). CGAS total score is expressed as number from 0 to 100.

Abbreviations: EOP, early-onset psychosis; PAS, Premorbid Adjustment Scale; CGAS, Children’s Global Assessment Scale; N/A, not applicable.

Table 2 Markers of neurodevelopmental impairments in cases and controls

	Cases (n, %)	Controls (n, %)	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Childhood neurodevelopmental abnormalities	24 (70.6)	5 (13.4)	14.8 (4–60.9)	0.000*
Impaired motor development	1 (2.9)	3 (8.3)	0.3 (0.1–4.5)	0.3290
Impaired language development	9 (26.5)	5 (13.8)	2.2 (0.6–9.5)	0.1548
Delays in sphincter control	9 (26.5)	0 (0)	N/A	0.0008*
Impaired social development	11 (32.3)	0 (0)	N/A	0.0001*
Difficulties in school learning	14 (41.2)	4 (11)	5.6 (1.4–26.1)	0.0042*
IQ impairment	19 (57.6)	3 (8.3)	14.9 (3.4–87.3)	0.001*
Subtle motor impairment	12 (46.1)	7 (19.4)	3.5 (1.005–12.9)	0.0050*

Note:

* P<0.05. Data are presented as number and percent of patients with presence of abnormalities in each neurodevelopmental area considered.

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; IQ, intelligence quotient; N/A, not applicable.